새 노트

and we will see each other week 10 and week 11 will be quiz 3. But you know the coverage for the midterm only until streptococci. It will not go to those presentations from gram-GIT, gram-negative ones. It will be coverage for quiz number 3. Anyway, I will announce that after the midterm. So let me call on group 5.

I remember asking you of the ranking, right? But you haven't finished or started actually your presentation. Alright? So the floor is yours.

- 시발. - 그렇지. - 틀리었네. - 알았어. - 귀깔랑이 틀려서 할 말로. - 그렇지.

No, no, no, no.

- The tea.

a classification of negative roots. They belong to the group negative group and are classified as intergroups. The major general shown here are Campylobacter, Enterogacter, Asherachia, Helicobacter, and Klebsiella. So this video shows that Enterogrim negative roots include the difference in Iraq. Asherachia Kolai is a Norma Coleman-Lura and

and a peculative nerve. It is oxidase, negative, and a ferment, both glucose and lactose. Strings are classified by O, H, and K antigens. The O antigen is part of leucocleusaccharide, and the H antigen is associated with the plesium, and the K antigen is located in the capsule. These antigens are important because specific stereotypes

associated with specific diseases such as O157H7 in hemorrhagic colitis. E. coli has Pimbera or PLV that help it adhere to intestinal mucosal surfaces. Most strains ferment lactose or are life-positive and produce both acid and gas during carbohydrate for a minute for a minute for a minute.

There are five major types of intestinal E. coli. EPEC causes watery diarrhea. Its heat-relativial toxin, or LTP, increases CAMP, and its heat-stable toxin, or ST, increases CGMP, leading to increased fluid separation. EPEC causes infant diarrhea. EPEC causes bloody diarrhea, produces a sugar-like toxin, and it causes HUS.

EIES causes a disemeterry-like illness. AEC causes persistent diarrhea. Although E. coli is part of the normal intestinal flora, it can become pathogenic when it enters normally steroid. It commonly causes urinary tract infections, and meningitis and the nosocomial infections.

Myrbanosis is based on culture or molecular methods, and treatment includes antibiotics. For intestinal E. coli infection, nurses should monitor diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration, and educate patients about strict hand hygiene and safe food handling. In severe cases such as EHEC infection, nurses should closely observe for bloody diarrhea, increased urine output, and signs of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

and report worsening symptoms promptly. Salmonella is an important pathogen that causes both gastrointestinalitis and typhoid fever. It is usually transmitted through the fecal or root by contaminated foods such as poultry or eggs. Most non-tipoidal infections cause self-limiting gastrointestinalitis, the Salmonella PP causes severe systemic typhoid fever and requires antibiotic treatment.

Cerminata invades intestinal epithelial cells and survives within macrophages, allowing it to spread from the end of the intestine and cause bacteria or infection in other organs. Compilobacter is transmitted via cervical or root and contaminated poultry and water are common sources. It invades the intestinal mucosa and causes,

inflammatory response in the intestine clinically. It causes acute enterities with abdominal pain and diarrhea, and it may also cause bloody diarrhea and fever. Shigeruocosis and intestinal disease is most common in young children. It is usually spread from person to person through contaminated stools, although rice, food, and water can also transmute infection.

very low in factor stores makes household transformation companies. On the species, S. disemperia, it's called the most severe infection and may lead to ATS because it produces shibatoxin. Shibala invades the large intestinal mucosa using a plasmid encoded type 3 secretion system. The laboratory identification organisms are cultured from stool using selective media such as hack to enable.

For Shigala infection, nurses should pay special attention to straight-hand hygiene and carefully handling of stool, diapers, and contaminated bases because person-to-person spread occurs very easily. Let's look at this picture. These are known models from negative growth that are highly inflected, even in very low doses. Their primary strategy is intracellular survival. After entering the large intestinal mucus by a type 3 secretion system,

They escape the endostics vesicles. The most fascinating part is their use of actin polymoralization by hijacking the host cells, actin cytoskeleton. They create a comet-like tail to portal themselves directly into a jet cell. of particular concern is as

which produces a cegatoxin leading to several complications such as HUS. For diagnosis, we use selective media like HectoAger. This is the mechanism of Shigella infection causing diarrhea. While antibiotics can help preventing through hygiene, Hygiene is critical due to widespread resistance.

Next is Vibrocholera, the agent of cholera, known for causing massive watery diarrhea. Transmission is linked to contamination food and water, often causing outbreak after neutral disasters. As shown in this picture, there are rapidly mortal, curved roads. They adhere to the small intestine using TCP. And release cholera toxin. This toxin triggers a surge in the blood.

in intracellular CAMP, which opens ion channels and forces a massive outflow of water and electrolytes into the intestine. The hallmark of this infection is dry water stones. We know treatment patients can die within our from shop. However, promote rehydration can reduce the motor lifting rate from over 50% to less than 1%.

Now let's look at Yersinia nitrocholitica, typically transmitted by raw pork or milk. It causes reserves in the terminal ileum. According to this picture, it causes fever and diarrhea. But more uniquely, it presents the right lower-caugent tenderness. This often makes it clinically indistinguishable from appendicitis.

The key diagnostic feature is its modality at 25 degrees, which is lost at 37 degrees. Next is the master of stomach survival, helicobacter pyrrhae. Despite the acidic environment of the stomach, it survives by producing urease, which generates ammonia to neutralize its surroundings. This colonizing process destroys the mucus processing cells,

and leads to chronic inflammation, resulting in gastrolytes and ulcers. Chronic infection is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer. Diagnosis can be non-infected, such as the urea braid test and treatment involves a combination of two antibiotics and draw a photon pump in a heavy turn.

Finally, let's briefly mention opportunistic pathogen common in hospital settings. Enterobacter and serratia frequently cause non-cause nail infections in wounds, respiratory, and urinary tract. Kulapihishiala non-modal with primant capsule causing eucalyzing rena and compromised host.

creating an alkyne environment that promotes the promotion of neutralized group by kidney stones. This is selected priority linking. First is E. coli. E. coli was selected as an important organism for us because it includes multiple pathogenic strains that cause a wide range of diseases, from watery diarrhea to glutey diarrhea.

It is also clinically significant because some strains such as EHEC can cause various toxic patients like ETS and E. coli can also cause extra intestinal infections such as VTI, lymphoma and nosophonia infections. This one is Zamanala. Zamanala was born secondly Hali.

It is the number one cause of outbreaks in Korea and a leading cause of foodborne hospitalization and death in the United States. In addition, it is clinically important because it can cause not only gastrointestinal tests, but also severe systemic infections such as steward fever. Third is Shigala. Shigala was included because although it is less common in Korea, it is extremely contagious.

and can spread easily from person to person. It is also important because a very small infectious dose can cause disease and severe cases may lead to complications such as HUS. Salmonella, the number one cause of outbreak in Korea, mostly from ag and poultry. In the US, it is the primary driver of foodborne hospitalization and death.

In Korea, it is heavily linked to institutional group meal and fresh vegetables. In the U.S., it is frequently associated with under-cooked beef and large-scale produce contamination. Chigella is relatively rare in Korea due to high sanitation standards. However, it is much more prevalent in the U.S. causing a threat due to its extreme

contagiousness. Thank you. Thank you very much. That was very nice. Especially the last slide, would you like to show it? So I specifically ask of those priority ranking in terms of its significance. Medically, clinically, why do we consider that as important? Because as you can see here, locally, salmonella would be ranking first. What would be the basis for this?

So as far as our data, statistics would be concerned, they are comparing local and global. But U.S. is not speaking of its globalization. But we are just comparing because the data are there, right? So as far as U.S. is concerned, so that would be leading as well. So Salmonella would be ranked highest, right? But can you flash again the previous slide?

What do you mean by 111? The error. Oh. They are all equal value, top priority. I also thought of one, two, three. So, but the next slide would be Sarnonera. Would be ranking first in terms of incidence. Am I correct? Can you flash it? So, with those percentage, are we looking at the same number of years?

statistics 20 24 for all of those but again it could not be comparable because us would be bigger in terms of population and locally with the number of population it would be different from that of the US and Korea but at least you have an idea both will be having the tracking of San Juanita so that would be here and then the equal I as you know could be most common as well but if

In the previous slide, they were saying, yes, this is very good with those of the four reasons why E. coli would be considered in those medically important, clinically significant bacteria that we would remember when you talk of GI gram-negative rugs. I'm not saying you forget the rest because they are also significant in a way, but then the importance would be highest because number one,

in common what's the reason for that since it's gi related we have those of the diarrhea what are those five types of diarrhea brought about by this ecoli overgrowth she mentioned that earlier what are those causing watery diarrhea the epic could you flush it the f what is e p e c effect

EPEC, EHEC, just abbreviation so that you will have those recalls of diarrhea. Of course, all of these would be E. coli, E. coli, E. coli, E. coli. The EC on the last. What about the E? Entero. When you say entero, G-I. But what they would differ is on the middle, on the second letter. So, three means one.

What is T on that attack? Toxic. Toxic. Toxic. So what is T? Causing that disease. What is T? Referring to disease processes. Pathogenic. So, Toxygenic. Pathogenic. Breaks. Watery. Diary. Loose. Watery.

stools very frequent was a problem if they would have those frequent stools watery stools how many times do we go to the bathroom to the toilet to poop it depends on the person maybe once a day twice a day but it would be solid it would not be watery but if you travel visit the toilet for let's say three He finds in an hour.

hyperactivity bringing you to what condition, to what problem? Dehydration. Dehydration because of what? Yes, that's correct. You will be dehydrated if you'll be removing all those of the electrolytes, of those water that we have. Right? So electrolyte fluid and electrolyte imbalance. And this will lead to dehydration. Watery for the first two. Especially if you're talking of the children, the infant. And what about the age?

What is H? Hemorrhagic. Wow. Hemorrhagic. Bloody diarrhea. Can you think of this patient having to poop? Blood. Hemorrhagic. And what is I? Another bloody diarrhea. What is I? Invasive type of E. coli. Both are bloody, bringing this dysentery-like illness. And what is the last?

Aggregative type of diarrhea. So that means persistent, very prolonged. For how many days? You can last with every hour that you will be visiting the toilet for three times or more. And this one would be days that they will be having that. So problem of fluid and electrolyte imbalance. And then you have dehydration. So they need to be brought to the hospital. So again, this is on eco-di-intestinal. What else? Can you flash the next slide?

of that selected priority ranking. So you did your assignment. Here. Aside from that, what do we have? We already know UPI's. What else? Another deadly disease of neonatal meningitis. What is neonatal meningitis? What's the problem with that? Death task. So we remember high mortality. It may be low incidence, but high mortality.

So we are dealing with death. And what else? If not death, what would be another problem, major, serious problem, if the patient would have meningitis? Grain damage. Or lesser evil would be what disability? Deafness. So would you be wanting those these of being disabled?

being brain damage and then worse case scenario would be on death and the last one another is infection so those four would really bring i would say equal life as number one although next slide please locally is not much of a problem 13 so that's manageable

But again, linked to institutional group meals and fresh vegetables. So what's the infection control measure for that, knowing that? I'm looking at the infection control measure. It's almost perfect, but I'm looking at your handouts with the ICM. Although you're measuring it when you are presenting and listening with those ICM, well, very well said. But it could have been better if it's included in your handouts.

because you only mentioned about treatment and prevention, rehydration therapy, treatment, then your antibiotics. But the ICM, as a nurse, what would be your role and responsibilities in the prevention of this? Very good. You have this. And the cooked beef will produce those contamination. So how do we address those to prevent such, lower those of the percentage

And those four deadly, serious conditions of meningitis, of the low incidence, but brings death. And of course, UTI. What else? Nosocomial infection. How do you prevent nosocomial infection? What is nosocomial infection? Hospital. Hospital acquired. With that UTI. That patient, when they were admitted in the hospital, doesn't have UTI.

But when they were in the hospital, they got UTI. Why? Will they get something from the insurance if they suffered from CAUTI? What is CAUTI? UTI is UTI. What is CA on that CAUTI? Will they reimburse their hospitalization bills because of that infection of that UTI? No.

is county catheter associated UTI so who caused that catheter associated UTI who inserted the catheter nurse is it us yes doctors nurses healthcare personnel where's the problem why it brought UTI with that catheter insertion where's the failure

the failure so this is where infection control measure comes into the picture where's the failure why there's uti in the hospital yes would you like to answer that where's the failure of that uti hospital acquired you got that uti from the hospital from that catheter insertion so how do we prevent it sterile technique

aseptic technique that's why you're learning that in the nursing school in the funda lab open lab you practice you are being evaluated if you miss those are the valuable technique because if you do that in the hospital when you're already nurses oh my god with some of those interns during the clinical practice, you will see them, they do not even know

where they will be inserting the catheter really you don't know where the urethra is because of the so many openings with the male no problem but with the female you'll be disappointed what's taking you too long to insert that where's that urethra and yet you're inserting it somewhere else and then when you found it you reinsert So you're introducing that bacteria.

to the urethra. So this is where the problem is. Okay, so that's E. coli. Although relatively rare in Korea, she get them. But yeah, we should also consider that. So what other infection control measure you mentioned that we should emphasize as nurses?

Aside from aseptic technique, you presented that picture. What is that picture? Can you flash your PPT backwards? Some more. Because mostly are, okay, yes, mostly would be on food-borne diseases, water, food, contamination. Also with the nosocomial infection. So we should emphasize this.

HHH hand hygiene. Would you like to demonstrate the hand hygiene without looking at this? How do we perform hand hygiene? Just wanted to be sure. If you really know the hand hygiene. Okay. I'm just looking, observing. Mm-hmm.

Did you sing happy birthday? Anyway, just kidding. So what else? Hand hygiene, safe food handling. I hope you have included it here. Plus the cooking, cleaning of water, the civil rights management. What else do we have here? Yeah, and also called me a prevention. Hand hygiene, PPE. - What else?

equipment, sterilization, aseptic technique, asvention, and the environmental cleaning. And limit spread of those superbugs. What are superbugs? Superinfection. Superbug. Superinfection. What brings this? What do you mean by superbug? Superinfection. The bacteria will be resistant.

two three or more antibiotics so those antibiotics if prescribed should be taken as it is otherwise the bacteria were just tickling them and they would not be responding anymore because they're used to that kind of antibiotic so last but not the least can you flash on the helicobacter pylori - Thank you.

yes so on helicobacter someone I think you flashed the same slides with my slides on that of the textbook where what do you know about helicobacter pylori for short H pylori what is this H pylori this will bring what problem of what the only bacteria that could neutralize the

acidity of the stomach the only bacteria I repeat that could neutralize HCl hydrochloric acid in the stomach you know how strong our HCl is right how strong how acidic is our HCl in that pH scale 7 would be neutral right

down down down down how how acidic is the hydrochloric acid pH very low so very acidic anything that we will be eating will be digested and would be those bacteria will be killed those of the H. pylori will not Be good.

only bacteria that can neutralize acidity of the stomach. You have it in the PPT.

they would be able to do you have any other slides on this so I will not be flashing my slides no anyway so you have it in your textbook and in my PPT where you will see how the H-Phylory will neutralize that hydrochloric acid in the stomach so what would be the essence of me talking about H-Phylory well

diseases will be brought about by H. pylori. It brings what? Why it could be deadly? Especially here in Korea. Why it could be deadly? Because it brings acute gastritis. What else? It's in their handouts. Acute chronic gastritis. What else? Dudenar pulcer. Dudenar pulcer.

Gastric ulcer. How many of you have ulcer? Or have you met a person having ulcer? Gastric or adrenal ulcer? So the lining of the gastric mucosa would be bleeding. If it is not treated appropriately, what could happen? It could result to what? Look at their handouts. It could resort to...

gastric carcinoma or cancer. You know how high mortality ranking of cancer here and gastric cancer would be it used to be number one here in Korea. So preventive measure again should be taken into consideration as where as age pylori is concerned. Okay, so I guess we covered those

Most important, again, E. coli. What's next? Salmonella. And that part? Helicobacter. What's the third that you mentioned? Shigella. And I'd like to add that of the H. pylori. So you also review, same, slide presentation, except this, that they added value on those of the, I like these statistics, with Korea and the U.S.

Although not comparable, but we can see a global picture and a local picture of the value or the essence of this that we are studying on this gram-negative rods, especially that of the GI. So a good presentation with your PPT, with your selected priority ranking. Though the ICM,

Infection control measures were mentioned in your PPT, but it was not written in your handouts. So you just add in their handouts those that I mentioned. All right, and of course the Q&A, you're able to answer. Good, thank you very much. Next. Okay, we'll pause for a break.

Infection can appear in two main terms. When it spreads to surrounding tissues, it can cause opyrus media, sinus inciteus, epiglopteris, and pneumonia. When it spreads through the bloodstream throughout the body, it can cause invasive infections such as meningitis and septic arcylitis. In particular, the HIV capture is an important violence factor.

This bacterium is transmitted through a respiratory droplet and humans are the only host. Third-generation cephalophorin are used for treatment and it can be prevented with the HIV vaccine. Next is Bordetelophilis. This bacterium is the cause of the bupene cup and attaches to respiratory-semiated epithelial cells and produces perticis toxin and tracheal soil toxin.

These toxins inhibit ciliary movement and reduce mucous clearance, resulting in paroxysmal coughing and characteristic mucous sound. This bacterium is transmitted through droplet produces by coughing, and it is especially high contagious during the early carer stage. Electromycin is used for treatment and it can be prevented with the DTAP vaccine.

Next is Riogenella pneumophila. This bacterium is an intracellular parasite that multiplies within alveolar macrophages and causes pneumonia while thoroughly for aiding inside macrophages. Infection mainly occurs by inhaling aerosols generated from contaminated water and it is associated with cooling towers and more supplies.

Human-to-human transmission is very rare. Macroalite or fluoroquinolite antipiolics are used to treatment, and proper management of oral system is important to prevention. Next are opportunistic pathogens. Opportunistic pathogens are bacteria that usually do not cause serious problems as individuals with normal in a system for cause infection in patients with a weekend.

In the patient's care, the risk of infection is higher in immunocompromised patients. On patients and patients using clinical ventilators. A representative bacteria means someone's eugenia. The infertile produces various toxins and enzymes that collect the energy.

and it is a major cause of hospital acquired infections due to its strong antibiotic resistance. It is mainly transmitted through moist environment in hospitals with medical equipment and wounds. Aminoclycosides, anti-sumumonol, beta-alitimins, and chemoral antibiotics are used for treatment.

We have one straight infection control in hospitals in very important information. It mainly causes masochromea pneumonia and infection and sepsis in hospital barrized or immunocompromised patients. Finally, we will explain journal pathogens of bacteria that transmitted from animal treatment and caused journal infection.

Thank you.

-

This bacteria multiplies inside cells and causes infections in organs such as the liver spree and bone marrow. It is mainly transmitted through contact with infected and immunosupport. The treatment includes combination therapy with doxycycline and sterile therapy.

and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products is important for prevention. The disease caused by this bacterium is Pruselusis, which is characterized by underwriting fever and chronic systemic infection. Next is Pruselum tolepneurase. Pruselusis is bacterium and Pruselusis is a source of blood.

It is transmitted through contact with infected animals or through a through parts such as it is. Treatment includes streptomycin or centomycin. The disease caused by this bacterium is a tullaremia which is characterized by skin, or cell and lip.

Next is Yashinia Pestis. This bacteria multiplies in lymph nodes and from the swollen lymph nodes, called Pupose. And if it progresses to the lungs, it can cause pneumonia plague. It is mainly transmitted from rodents to humans through the freeze. - Three tomatoes, three colors.

or toxic cycling. Finally, is Pasterlac. This bacterium is a normal flora in the world, cavalry of animals and infection occurs when a person is but is scratched by an animal. It can cause lipinolally progressing skin infections and impedimentities. For bacteria, you have it because it is not power.

They are the common characteristics of the gram-negative bacteria that possess LPS. In addition, they can be classified into retrofactory pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and genetic pathogens according to their infection characteristics. Understanding the pathogenesis and transmission of these bacteria is very important for infection, prevention, and treatment.

Thank you very much. Can you flash again your last slide? That's good you highlighted on that LPS as virulence factor. That would be the same as that of the gram-negative pads and other gram-negative pads.

negative rugs so the the main virulence factor would be that of number two possession of lps what is lps what do you mean by lps before it carried like polysaccharides so that would be their virulence factor correct so that would be highlighted as

part for both chapter 12 and this chapter 13 the presence of that LPS lipopolysaccharides. Now same question that I would be asking you would be on ranking those that you have presented to us other gram-negative drugs which one would you consider as the most clinically important and why?

Based on your presentation and you studying this bacteria, which you consider as we should be remembering the most, of high importance, which is number one.

Give me top three. Not all that you will be ranking. Just top three. Which one would be number one? In your lists.

I'm going to throw some. Hmm? You say that? The zoonotic packages.

you're looking at number three, those zoonotic pathogens, or based on those rankings that you mentioned, respiratory pathogens. Which one will come first? Those causing opportunistic infection or opportunistic pathogens. Am I reading it correctly? You're going number three. Here, I'm looking at your...

Conclusion, we classify them according to bringing respiratory diseases compared to that of GI, the E. coli,

Number two would be on those opportunistic pathogens. As the name implies, causing opportunistic infection. So who are those vulnerable to have that opportunistic infection? Because of these opportunistic pathogens. And then number three, zoonotic pathogens. That is what you're saying, Bruxella. So now, based on those, which one would you consider as...

clinically, medically important. Give me top three.

When I say clinically, medically important, what would be its impact on people's lives? What would be its impact on the healthcare? Number one would be on our patients, on people's diseases, having those diseases. What would be the mortality, morbidity rate of these bacteria causing respiratory diseases?

causing opportunistic diseases or infection. And then third would be anzoonotic. What do you mean by zoonotic? What are zoonotic?

What do you mean by zoo or not? The zoo, what do we see on those zoos? Animal too. Yes, on those animals. Which one would be more important? People or those animals?

So give me those top three bacteria under this category because of those impact on the people's lives. Which one would be number one?

Thank you.

- First. - Hemophilus is in poor energy. - Number two. - Number two is for the amyl processes. - Number three.

So I agree, respiratory pathogens of the Haemophilus influenza, Bordetella, Pertussus.

First, Haemophilus influenzae is important because it can cause invasive infections such as meningitis and septic heart lilies. Heart lilies.

and then you have epiglottitis. Okay. The rest will be on that otitis media, sinusitis, ovominer, comparable to, and anxiety again, pneumonia, and epiglottitis, which are life-threatening because it deals with airway, breathing. Right? What about gordetelia? Why? produces produces toxin and tracheal.

Yes, again, breathing problem, pertussis, moving up, those are deadly, especially for children. And the third, why pseudomonas?

Pseudomonas produces various toxins and enzyme means that causes tissue damage and it is a major cause of hospital-acquired infection due to its strong antibiotic resistance. Very good. So what do we remember about pseudomonas? You mentioned two. What are those two important things about pseudomonas? Because it brings

that opportunistic infection, particularly because of that hospital-acquired infection. Nosokomyal, again. And it brings brain infection also. What did I mention? The pseudomonas will have very strong antibiotic resistance. So those are the reasons why they mentioned that. We just have to highlight back in there and ouch.

Pseudomonas ergonosa will have strong antibiotic resistance. And treatment requires those anti-pseudomonas drugs and often with the combination with other antibiotics. And who are prone to have these problems? Why they are for opportunistic pathogens? who are prone, who are highly vulnerable.

It's in your handouts. Who are highly vulnerable. Why do we call it opportunistic pathogens? Who are at high risk? Often, in facts,

Thank you.

patients with weaker immune function. One word. Immunocompromised. Immunocompromised patients. Those having burn injury. Those having other chronic diseases, conditions. All right. Thank you very much. What about the infection control measures? I am looking on those. I do not see them in my head house

Can you highlight the infection control measure? Although I see one. What's the key to prevention? If you could answer this, I would be satisfied with the presentation and the Q&A portion. What's the key to prevention? Handle high-team. And thanks.

What kind of vaccine? For age influenza? What is HIV? HIV, not the HIV, not the V. It's different. HIV, as in boy. What is B? Or bacteria, not the virus. HIV. What is HIV? It stands for?

What is his name after that disease? What bacteria? Where is HI? Dhammopoulos influenza type B vaccination. For Dhammopoulos influenza. What about pericosis? What do we have? What vaccination? Thank you.

We already learned that, right? What is the vaccination for that pertussis? The tooth in calf.

Thank you.

group who reported diphtheria what's the vaccination it's called ppap vaccine what is that again what is that vaccine dp ap what do you mean by data

What's deep up?

What's D for DTOP? Diphtheria. Diphtheria. Tetanons. Tetanons. And what is AP? Cellular perfusions. Now, give me for the HIV, how many doses will that be given? For infants, three to four doses, and two months, four months,

six months, 12 to 15 months. Same with that arm, your Dita. All right. Kamsamnida.

- 네. - 지금 15분 안에 끝나잖아. 11시 5분 안에. 그럼 우리 발표해야 돼. - 30분에 끊지 않아. - 원래 20분에 끝날 때 안 돼. 30분에 끊으실 거 같은데. 아까 15분, 15분 이렇게 한다고 했는데. - 지금 우린 질문은 안 하실까? - 다음에 하실까? - 아 우리는. - 아니면 우리 발표 안 하면 질문 안 하실 거 같은데. - 오늘의 내용은 오늘의 내용은?

Here is the table of the contents. First we will look at the general features of the genus claustrildia, specifically focusing on four major spaces: claustrildium percranes, claustrildium fortulium, claustrildium tetani, and claustrildium difficile. Then we will move on to the second part, which covers anaerobic and negative flows, focusing mainly on often ones. Let's start with the general features of claustrildia. Physiologically, they are obligated to aeros. This means they cannot use free oxygen for energy production. In fact, the presence of oxygen actually inhibits their...

morphologically, they are large, glen-positive, pulmonary growth, and most species are motile. The crucial survival feature is their ability to form endospores. Epidemiologically, they are common normal, plural in the intestines of humans and other mammals, but are also found in the vagina. However, many clinically significant species produce extremely potent exotoxins responsible for severe disease.

First, Clostridium perifringens is a large, but motile and capsulated gram-positive bacillus. The core pathogenesis of this bacterium entering our body and causing disease lies in the substances it secret. Clostridium perifringens secrets of a variety of exotoxins, antenna toxins, and hydrolating enzymes that facilitate the infection process and destroy our body's tissues.

Now I will tell you about these five major clinical significance. First is gass gangrene. It is a disease in which muscles undergo rapid and severe necrosis mediated by toxins. It is characterized by crap pit use when touched due to gass bubbles and the production of a foul-smelling exudate. It can lead to shock or manaphyl and without immediate treatment. The motor light here is very high.

Second, it occurs when a large amount of bacteria growing improperly, cut or stored, mint is ingested. Symptoms such as nausea, abdominal cramps, and biorealine appear. An aerobic cellular retis, necrotic intertis, and closed-stridium endometriotis are as follows. Very quickly, moving on to laboratory identification. First, through gram staining, we can observe large gram-positive growth. Second, they must be cultured under strict and narrow conditions. Specifically for closed-stridium, for instance, we can identify it by observing a double zone of hermolizes on blood organ plates and a positive regular reaction.

The treatments include surgical treatment, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and the administration of antibiotics. For prevention, thorough cleaning and wound care are essential to prevent infection, throw down one site. Additionally, to prevent food positioning, proper food management, such as cooking food thoroughly and refrigerating it properly. Must be a practice to keep bacteria-wearing spores from germinating and multiplying.

Next is Closuridium ventrillion. For morphology and characteristics, it is a gram-positive spore-forming rose. Regarding its major toxins and pathogenesis, it produces the ventrillion toxins specifically types A, B, and E. This toxin blocks the release of vasophilicoline and peripheral neuromuscular toxins. This ultimately results in flaccid paralyzes. For mei-jung, this is a classic food poisoning, infant virtualism, and mood virtualism.

forms produce toxin that impairs cranial nerve function, concentration, and soil problems. Treatment requires prompt action. Antitoxin must be administered immediately to neutralize the toxin, and mechanical ventilation is necessary to prepare for the time respiratory paralysis. Additionally, gastric lambs and animus are required to eliminate unabsorbed toxins.

Next, regarding prevention and precautions, thorough heating and sterilization of food are the keys to preventing infection. Finally, the most important characteristic is that even after recovery, the body does not develop immunity to these species. Therefore, continuous and thorough hygiene management is essential. Moving on to a closer view on tentany, the causative agent of tentness, this is

eucalyptus organisms found widely in soil. It's produced on an exotinine called the tentanous spheramine. The tentanous toxin is a highly potential neurostominine. It blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters such as glycine and GABA, preventing inhibition of motor neurons and leading to continuous muscle contraction and spams. The clinical significance goes to incubation period and symptoms.

in incubation period range from three days to several weeks. The closer the road is to the brain, the shorter the incubation period of the day, and the more serve the disease. Second symptoms initially, spastic paralysis occurs in muscles near the site of infection. This progresses to involvement of the jaw muscles, causing difficulty opening the mouth. it can spread to other voluntary

muscles leading to sustained contractions and sometimes seizures. Extramostitimuli may trigger surf painful stances. The mortality rate range from 10 to 70 percent, often due to respiratory muscle paracies. The last chrostudial spesies is chrosturium difficile. Pathogenesis is antibioteic-use-draised crops. Neurogaid microbiota goes to osteoporosis.

allowing C-difficils to proliferate. This allows C-difficils to overgrow and produce toxins, leading to surf gastrointestinal complications known as pseudomembranus, colliders, or PMC. It is closely associated with antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhea. When patients are treated with certain broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as clondamycin, it destroys the normal gastrointestinal flora.

like this. These organisms are most commonly found in the oral cavity female genital tract and lower gastrointestinal tract. In case of trauma or when a patient is immunocompromised, this bacteria can penetrate the host as bucetal barrier and cause infection. Typically this occurs as mixed infection or co-infections involving two or more organisms.

often including phagoclytic bacteria. Focusing specially on the bacteria, Rodis genus, they are the most predominant anaerobic bacteria in the human clone. Their polysaccharide capsules is a cruel valance factor that provides resistance to phagocytis, Epidiochalea, they are the most common cause of intra-abdominal infections and abscess following clonal treatment.

trauma or abdominal surgery, the major pathogenic species is bacterial vagus. If it releases into the bloodstream, it flows the parietas, repli, and can cause proctoamina. It is strongly associated with intra-abdominal infections, pertinitis, and abdominal abscesses, which frequency occur as mixed infection. This concludes our presentation, Understanding the Physiology and the Tuck-Sank of Fear, and the Roads.

wrote its pistol for effective infection control and clinic care. Thank you for your attention. Thank you very much, Hiram and Geryon. Very good presentation and handouts. I really like the handouts presentation because it is very clear. Here you can see how they facilitated those of the clostridia and that of roles responsibilities of nurses for infection control also indicated.

Just a few questions just to confirm your presentation. Which of these would you say most important key infection control measure issue about clostridia? Why do we have to remember clostridia? What's the main issue with clostridia? Those four, Perfringens, Botulinum, Pepani, and the Seedip.

what's common to this clostridia group. What did you highlight on that? You repeatedly mentioned that in the handouts with the morphology and characteristics. Look at your handouts. Very nice handouts. Presentation. What is it? What is it that you have written in that morphology and characteristics?

for this four plus three, four plus three June.

Did you see it? What did they highlight? - Crampus. - Aram. Crampus and problems for foreign. What's the key on that first region group? Spore for me. Consistent from perfidians to C deep. They are all score for me.

They are highly resistant. What do you mean by spore? What are spores? When they undergo sporeation. They are highly resistant to what?

They produce spores. They are highly resistant to-- when the bacteria are spore-forming or spore-producing, they are highly resistant to--

what is in the quiz right they are highly resistant to anyone here dryness for desiccation and what this infection that's the key main issue with our infection control measure so that's why and what Which of these four do you consider as the most?

clinically important which can survive harsh conditions and are not easily removed by alcohol yes which do you consider among this plus three june are the most clinically important if you are to rank them

which is number one number two

And the next question would be why? You have to support, justify your answer. Give me top two because you're only ranking four, right? Not so many. Unlike the GIT gram negative rods, they have about seven. Other negative, they have five. Here you only have four. Which one is number one, number two?

Is it one, two, three, or four as your number one? Four. You agree, Adam? Gayan is saying four. Yes. Very good. See, this would be number one. Why? There are several reasons. At least give me one because we don't have much time. I know the next group is very much excited. Come on. Come on. of health care,

They are the major cause of HCAI. What is HCAI? HCAI, healthcare-associated infection. What else? They are cause of life-threatening diseases, like they mentioned here on that table. Look at that. Because they have those toxin, major toxin A, major toxin B, enterotoxin and the cytotoxin.

Okay. So I guess they actually specify everything here. I'm just validating what they have written, what they have presented. They really know. Actually they know. I really commend you for this handouts with those of the category and those of major diseases, the virulence factors and the prevention as well. Thank you.

ありがとうございました。