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So we'll have a recap, a review of that with a presentation of the next group, group three. Is that correct? If I'm not mistaken. And after that, we'll proceed to my Syria. Right? Very good. So let's start the ball rolling with the next group. What's the next book for the gram-fascine?

Yes. Group three. Group one, group two, staphylococcal, staphylococcal, we have finished. I've given the lecture on that, and introductory lecture also for the gram positive. Now, it's a chance for us to have a review of that. And then the Neisseria group. All right. The floor is yours.

- 아, 네.

Among gran-tossy bacteria, those with a road shape are referred to as rose or bacilli. While the gran-tossy bacilli includes Clostridia, this genus is covered in chapter 14 under anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, our presentation will focus on Bacillus, Corminibacterium, and Listeria. Alright, let's look at the overview of Corminibacterium.

Gram-pastate rows are widely distributed in both the environment and the human body. Some species exist as part of the normal microbiota, while others can cause disease under certain conditions. Clinically significant gram-pastate rows include the following pathogens: Corinebacterium diphtheria causes diphtheria, bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, and lysteria monocyteogen causes foot morn infection. Bacillus species are gram-pastate rows that form endoscores.

Endospores are highly resistant structures that allow the bacteria to survive under harsh environmental conditions. Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. Anthrax primarily affects herbivores, animals such as sheep, cattle, and horses. Cure may become infected through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Epidemiology. Infection usually occurs when spores enter the body through skin wounds. Inhalation of spores may cause urinary entrance, a highly fatal form of the disease.

Anthrax pores are extremely resistant and can survive in the environment for long periods. Pathosensis. Bacillus anthraxis avoids immune effect with its capsule and causes disease using two toxins, ebema toxin, which causes swelling, and litho toxin, which damages cells by distorting signaling. Clinical features. Anthrax appears in two main forms. Cutaneous anthrax causes black skin lesions known as escarge. Culinary entrance results from inhalation of spores and is highly reserved.

Treatment and prevention. Treatment includes antibiotics such as superfluous acid. Vaccination may be recommended for individuals at high occupational risk because spores are resistant to common dispensers. Sterilization by autocladins and softening players. Pyrinobacteria are more slander than natural doses of a variety of foods. They are non-optile and do not form capsules or spores. They also exige uneven stainless deriving breastfeeding. Most perine bacteria or petrofetyl aneurys may be included in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Down species are part of the normal microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes. However, one clinically important species is corinobacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. Acidemiology of diphtheria. Corinobacterium diphtheriae primarily inhibits the throat and osoparitis. Translation occurs mainly through respiratory droplets. It may also spread from asymptomatic carriers or recovering patients and rarely through contaminated objects.

Fomites. Patrogenesis. The major balance factor of diphtheria is the diphtheria toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis and causes cell damage. The toxin consists of two subunits A and B. Diphtheria enters the cell using the B subunit, and then the A subunit blocks protein production, leading to cell damage. The toxin is produced more when iron layers are low. Clinical features. This diarrhea usually presents as an upper respiratory infection, a thick gray pseudo membrane forms in the throat which may obstruct the airway and cause breathing difficulty.

In severe cases, it may lead to suffocation. If the toxin spreads through the bloodstream, it can damage the heart and nervous system. Treatment and prevention. Treatment focuses on neutralizing the toxin using antitoxin. Antibiotics such as erythromycin or penicillin are also used to eliminate the bacteria. Prevention is primarily achieved through vaccination with the DTaP vaccine. Now, my partner, Ha-Yoon, will continue the presentation. I may be presenting Usteria. Usteria are a grand popular that in our home stores. The most important species is Usteria monocytogen, which is a speculative intra-dollar penicillin capable of market-aligned inside hostels. Key categories include

Catalyze positive trembling motility, reclutative intracellular growth. Catalyze is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen pyrocytes into water and oxygen. Catalyze positive bacteria can protect themselves from oxidative damage. Trumbling motility refers to the irregular rolling movement observed in liquid environment. birth epidemiology.

Restoreal infection is mainly transmitted through contaminating foods such as ice cream, cheese, processed meat. Healthy individuals may experience mild illness, but every infection can occur in pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. Second, clinical features. Restoreal infection can cause septizemia and meningitis. it.

Pregnant woman, infection may spread to the fetus leading to miscarriage or neonatal infection. Third, treatment and prevention. Treatment physically involves antibiotics such as ampicillin. Prevention applies on proper food, hygiene, and safe food preparation. Six other known for warming don't have power. - I'm just going to move on from you.

on an unerrobed by bacterial bacteria. Normal inhibitor of skin can cause endocarditis and the impression of prozotic impact in plants. Second, propionibacterium causes SbA. Retrobacterium basis, part of normal bodynobola, to help maintain acidic...

in macros epidural. First, Arisbidoxysiopatia, Zoonotic Bacterium causes arisbidoxidroids common in vactors, veterinarians, and fishermen. Let's talk about TETA2 infection control. Infecture control refers to measures used to prevent occurrence and spread of infections in healthcare settings. Nurses play a crucial role because they interact with the virus

interact closely with patients during care. First, hand gene. Hand gene is the most fundamental and effective method for preventing healthcare-associated infections. Versus most of what she has or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after patient contact, after exposure to body And after removing gloves.

Second, use of personal protective equipment. When care for patients with infection risks, nurses must properly use personal protective equipment such as gloves, masks, gowns, and protective eyewear. Third, isolation and infection prevention measures. For highly contagious disease, isolation precautions are required to prevent harm.

transmission for example if bacteria spread respiratory droplets or droplet precautions must be applied nurses should wear masks when providing close patient care and patients should also wear masks when leaving their blood first environment environmental management hospital environment can concrete the bacteria

transmission. Therefore, proper disinfection of medical equipment, cleanliness of patient looms, and appropriate waste management are essential. With patient education, nurses should educate patients about infection prevention practices such as hand washing, co-enticat, and safe food hygiene. This vaccination, nurses should inform patients about the importance of vaccination and increasing immunization. For example, the TAP vaccine is recommended for the prevention of diphtheria.

This slide shows the reference use for this presentation. Thank you very much for listening. Any questions from the class?

- Are you sure there are no questions?

these two or microorganisms that you presented, would you consider the most virulent or stronger or most medically important and why? We chose, firstly we want to chose because... You can use the microphone.

First we chose, I would like to say bacillus anthracis because it is most medically important. Bacillus anthracis. If you are to rank them, what are those arguments you presented under gram-positive drugs? What are those?

bacteria under gram positive drugs. Can you flash your first slide? Yeah, so how many gram positive bacteria are there? Can you refresh our memory? How many are those? You have the as one.

Number two would be Hysteria monocytogenes. Number three would be the Bacillus species, that of the anthracis. And those other nans for forming grampositive rugs, there are four. So total of seven. So among these seven, which do you consider as top two? Hmm...

I would like to say, coronabacterial dysphoria is the first and-- - Second. - Second.

- Acelus anthracis is the second. - Third. - Third is dysphoria. - Are you speaking for yourself or for your group? Same. - Yes. - In ranking? - Approximately. Can we change our decision? - Give me your final answer. If you agree on the ranking. Which one comes first, second, and then third?

In terms of its severity, that the disease will be -- that the bacteria will be causing those diseases, that's the essence of the question. Why would you consider that as medically important? Do you want to -- Because you would have basis on that. on that in terms of its effect.

to the population, to healthcare. - All you want to say first is Listeria. - Listeria. - Yeah, Listeria is first. And second is Corina Bacterium Listeria. And the last one is Bacillus anthracis. Why Listeria is the first versus Corina Bacterium?

because it is intracellular pathogen and it can cause meningitis or cytosemia and it is very life-threatening diseases meningococcal meningitis yeah and we chose coronary bacterium diphtheria second because

it is drop-life precautions so you can in fact it is very causative agent for individuals also it can cause single membrane and which which cause people can can have suffocation and yeah so we think it is the second one so

So we're looking at its effect on the brain for meningitis, right? Meninges of the brain. Where's the meninges of the brain? Where are the meninges? So you have the skin covering the head, right? The skull would follow after the skin if you dissect that. And then the third layer would be the meninges. So it's again a membrane covering the brain.

And after the meninges, what do we have? The dura matter. After the dura matter, you have the arachnoid matter, which is a thin layer covering the brain and its parts. So meningitis means inflammation of that third layer, the meninges. And it is fatal. - It is.

life-threatening based on their explanation what about diphtheria it attacks the respiratory system it is also fatal if untreated if untreated so we will be counting on the treatment now what would be if we're looking at the statistics the mortality morbidity rates of both because we're comparing top two.

diphtheria versus that of the Corinebacterium diphtheriae and that of the listeria, monocytogenes. So they're saying number one would be the listeria, number two would be diphtheria. Both are life-threatening, both are fatal. In terms of mortality, which one would be causing high mortality? Diphtheria or meningitis? How many cases how many?

children will be suffering from such which one will have to offer or to provide vaccination which one would have vaccination diphtheria in the form of what vaccination what box is that what is the vaccination against diphtheria p tetanus ap means

Hmm? What is A?

Pertussis is correct. DTP, diphtheria tetanus pertussis. What is A? The small a. DTAP. What is A? It means a cellular pertussis. Only a part, a cell of the bacteria is being injected. That's part of the vaccination. Not the whole bacteria would be injected as cellular pertussis.

Pertussis. So that would be only a portion of that bacteria would be given as a shot. So that in preparation for such infection that would be attacking that person, you have an immunity against that bacteria. Particularly the Corine bacterium diphtheriae. For diphtheriae. But for pertussis, then it would be against pertussis.

Now, would you be able to share any statistics that would show which one would bring higher mortality or morbidity? Diphtheria or the hysteria? Would you mind searching? So we'll have a basis for that. Which one would be more medically important? Because both will have its fatality rate. But we don't have statistics on that which one would bring more deaths.

Later, when we'll be talking about Neisseria, gonorrhea, and meningitis, meningococcus, and gonococcus, we'll be compared. And I will be asking, who's the next reporter on that same basis? Low mortality, high incidence, low incidence, high mortality. So I'm also looking into this, Listeria versus that of the diphtheria. One will have vaccination. What about meningitis? Do we have vaccination?

I don't think so. No. No vaccination for meningitis? Meningitis. And in terms of virulence factor, what would be the virulence or virulent factor for the diphtheria? What do they release? Can you tell us?

What's the BF of your coronary bacterium diphtheriae?

We are studying these features. Exotoxin. Exotoxin is correct. So that would be their powerful exotoxin that will be released. They become more virulent. What about the listeria? Are they also toxin-based?

based they are intracellular yes correct so they are not toxin based unlike diphtheria making the exotoxin as more virulent because of that capacity or ability to be released and what are the complications again of diphtheria single membrane causes suffocation airway Yeah, every problem. Breathing. Yeah. Problem. Yeah.

Okay, so it brings that complication. Primary disease or problem. What else? What else? The droplets. The droplets. I mean, microorganisms can...

It is very highly contagious because of its droplet caution. Yes. When you talk of droplet precaution, what do you mean by that? As an urge, what would be on that droplet precaution, infection control measure? Mask. Bring mask. Yes. So when you say droplet precaution... It's kind of infections transmitted by respiratory droplets. Mm-hmm. What are the precautions that you search? Suspected patients must be isolated.

cannot be with other patients in a single room, in a private room, cannot be in a ward setting, cannot be joined with other patients. Otherwise, it is highly contagious, infectious, because of that respiratory droplet precaution. Wear a mask when within one meter of the patient.

Okay, what else? What about caffeine, sneezing, talking, precautions?

The patient must wear a surgical mask during transport. What else? What etiquette do we observe when we are talking with that of the patient? Nurses, ask nurses. Hand hygiene is required. Yes, very much. Considered an hygiene. What else? Eye protection is needed if splashes are expected. So nurses can have eye protection.

Also wear surgical masks before entering the room.

Khafe, Sleasing...

I think it is also the same about the coughing patients. Hand hygiene, PPE. And wearing a mask. So those are highly considered infection control measures and that of the vaccination, right? Yes. Again, going back to vaccination, what would be the schedule for that VTAC? Especially for what?

When do we give those of the data? First, data is for under age of six. Specifically, we start at what month?

four six second month fourth month six months onwards 15 or 14 18 months scheduled until it it is complete it has been completed what about teenage teenagers adults do we also have 11 same vaccination only for babies only for children is the top the top children only children yeah only children big doses bigger doses that's why it's capital d but we also have that vaccination for tt

adults what is that she's up feed up so smaller doses T capital B but small D a P PDA so smaller doses for adults big doses for children why why is that In case of adolescents or adults,

the more vaccination can cause immune problem. Again? The more doses of vaccination can cause immune problems in case of adults. What about for children? Yeah, so in children, capitalize D-T-P-R. We give big doses, right, for children. Why?

Because they need a big and strong immunization of those diseases. For what reason do we give big doses for children? What's the main reason? Immune. For immune system, because their immune system is not yet that mature. they need more of that immunity. I

Unlike for adults, we have more immunity against those diseases. We establish already our immune system. Alright, so what else? Who else? What about hysteria? You mentioned about, I heard about pregnant women, newborn also, elderly, immunocompromised. Alright, you mentioned about that in your presentation. Yes, this one. Yes.

Why is that? Because it is intracellular pathogen. Okay. So? So and especially patients who are immunocompromised. Yeah, clinical features treatment and prevention. - Good, good, good.

In other words, if it's spreading to the fetus, it can... Can lead to neonatal infection. It can cross the placenta and it can penetrate that BBB. What is BBB? Blood. Blood. Blood. Blood. Blood.

Yes, blood-brain barrier, causing that meningitis. In other words, it is supporting your answer earlier that it is fatal. It can bring this deadly, very dangerous, serious meningitis, which fatality rate would be very, very high as well. But again, we haven't established yet which one would be bringing more deaths. Diphtheria or?

that of the listeria. We still have to find out on statistics. I'm looking at local and then maybe global. So to establish which one would be more medically important. Unless you found it? Anyone? I found it. Listeria is more fatal in most of the biology. And it is considered that it's more important normally on the books and books. Because.

because it's related.

talking locally yeah more cases of listeria higher incidence than diphtheria and higher mortality also so like this area has a lot of different like uh percentage of dying sometimes it's 50 when it goes older it goes 70 or more but uh by the way diphtheria is normally when it's cured five to ten percent of fetal deaths.

and it goes up to below 5 and 40, or up, it goes up to 20%. Because we have that vaccination. That's the reason. The good thing is we have protection with that listeria. Against listeria, we don't have any vaccinations. So the thing you asked that, why is listeria more important is that because it normally causes problems on pregnant women or newborn babies or elderly or immunocompromised patients.

And it normally leads to fatal infections. So it is more considered that it's important than this term. Mortality. Speaking, that would be higher. Although there would be lesser, maybe, or higher incidence. What do you mean? Incidence. How many patients would be suffering from that? Versus diphtheria. We have to weigh on those populations.

factor if that would be increased or not to support your answer of Listeria versus Diphtheria. I think Listeria is more important than... Again, again. Listeria is more... Medically important? Yeah, mainly important than Listeria in developed countries because of...

population of vaccination But underdeveloped? Yeah, underdeveloped then Yeah, so I think it is divided of two cases Which I mean is it a developed country or undeveloped country and in case of developed country this area is more important clinical things but Undeveloped country in case of undeveloped country, so this area

more important because of the population cannot have many vaccination yeah but the thing is the implication is on how do we prevent that on health education despite those of the vaccination available why underdeveloped countries do not avail of those vaccinations still we have a lot of cases of diphtheria which would bring face

or mortalities. So we should strengthen that health education preventing measure. This is where that infection control measure should be in place. All right. Thank you very much. I guess that would be good enough to better understand this gram-positive brides in terms of their virulence factor and then the clinical diseases that they would be bringing so its impact into the population, into the healthcare, and what would be our infection control measure. All right. Thank you. Thank you.

Who's the next group? Nigeria. Will you be ready? So, okay. I'll be maybe calling for a break so we would have continuity of the presentation for the Nigeria group. And then we will have, what's next? After Nigeria? - Cost range.

GIT? Yeah, GIT. So the GIT group would also have a lot of topics to cover. Anyway, I have uploaded in elements those I would like to strengthen. I'm not yet giving the lecture. The next group will be presenting, but I will highlight at the same time those for the Syria. So we could cover, we could proceed to the next, the GIT.

group. Who's next after Neisseria? Who are the presenters for GIT? Yes. So we intend to also have you for today as a schedule. Okay? So 10 minute break.