아프리카 정치론 7-1

-Police believe for the future.

You need to choose one topic, this suggested topic, but you can freely choose other topics related to the future in Africa or Africa countries. So you must select one specific African country.

And you need to cite and list two peer review of academic articles. And I told you you can freely use AI tool, but any use of fake article will result in image score of zero.

I will not ask any reason. I automatically give you zero if I detect the existence of fake article. So please check reference list. And the main body of the police brief must be a minimum of five pages.

And the final policy brief must be submitted entirely in English. This may be obvious, okay? And this assignment assumes all students will use AI tool. But if you don't want to use AI tool, just state the reason why you choose not to use AI tool. Okay?

But your choice about whether you use AI2 does not affect your final score. So I will evaluate your policy brief only based on

your brief and your brief. And you can interact with AI in English, Korean, or your native language. But you need to submit China policy brief with AI interaction law.

Okay, so shared URL link. So before submitting, before submitting your policy brief, please check whether your shared URL link works or not. Okay? And I encourage you to teach full text transcript, but I found it is almost impossible to print your AI law. So I think this may be a bit difficult. So just...

Just add the shared URL link. So if you find some effective way to attach full manuscript, you can attach this manuscript with your submission. And

And you also need to write mandatory appendix about your AI critique. Okay? So where and how the AI was useful. And please identify where the AI failed and provided suggestions regarding the specific political and social context for your chosen country. Okay? And please describe the specific actions you took to overcome this limitation. Okay?

So, please submit police brief until May 1st. If you have any question about this brief, feel free to contact me through email.

So now let's discuss state buildings. We have discussed latency issues and the component of statehood, the case of Somalia and Somalia land, and how to measure state value.

And now let's discuss dismemberment and suffocation. Okay? This may be important in discussing territory boundary issues in Africa. And these two factors may cause various negative outcomes in many African countries.

So this memberment occur when colonial border divide on pre-colonial 40 across two or more states. So this term describes the physical splitting of a unified group, especially ethnic groups or people into different national jurisdictions. So the reason why this happened is European power drove arbitrarily.

these boundaries and they ignored existing political and social structure. So they respect the boundary of pre-colonial state, but they often ignore the boundary of different social such as anti-group, religious group or linguistic group.

So on average, about 40% of African countries' population come from partitioned groups. So these statistics show the problem of split identity is not an exception, but a very common reality across African countries.

So this may highlight how significantly the colonial mapping process impacted the demographic makeup of contemporary African states. So there are several critical consequences of dismemberment. First, it leads to reduced royalty to the state as partition groups may identify more with co-ethnics across the border. So when people share a culture or family tie within neighboring countries, neighbors in another country, they may feel less connected.

to their own central government. So this lack of a single national identity can make it difficult for the state to build broad social support and maintain cohesive national identity. And it also creates

irredeemnist pressure, which is the desire to reunite with kin across borders. So groups that were split apart often seek to rejoin their territory with their cultural counterparts in neighboring countries.

So one example may be Somalia. Somalia's estrips live across a long border between the Ethiopian and Somalia. This is called Ogadam War.

around mid-20th century. So, Somali government found some legitimized region based on shared ethnic identity across the border.

So this kind of movement can lead to long-term diplomatic tension and even territorial conflict between states. And Portugal's instability arises because these member groups are more prone to secessionist demands.

So because this group often still marginalized by the imported state, they may attempt to break away and from their own independent country. So this threat of recession is a major source of internet conflict in political insecurity in many African countries. So the examples include:

split between the DRC, Angola and Congo, and the Somali people in Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Zinuti, and Ewe in Ghana and Togo. So, this member month may be one major cause of severe cold in an African country.

Let's move on to suffocation. So suffocation occurs when Korea border forced diverse Korean political cultural group into a single state. So while dismemberment refers to splitting a single group into different territories, suffocation refers to the compression.

of many different groups into one artificial unit. So this process brought together populations that have never shared a common portica history or identity. So this concept may measure how different the pre-colonial portica systems

within a country or from each other. So scholars analyze whether various groups within a new state has similar or completely opposite tradition of leadership. It means the greater the diversity of these tricoloneal systems, the higher the level of political application within the modern state.

So why these matters? One reason may be countries with main diverse pre-colour system or diverse social groups face greater governance challenges. So under this situation, it is difficult.

for a central state to establish a single set of laws. And the law may be hard to satisfy groups with such different historical backgrounds. So, customary, these countries,

often struggle to maintain a stable and unified administrative presence. So for example, centralized kingdoms like Uganda and state-led society, such as Nuer, have fundamentally different political cultures. So centralized kingdoms are custom to hierarchical authority.

But a state-led society operates without a central leader. So forcing these groups to follow the same national rules often leads to deep cultural friction and vertical resistance. So forcing these diverse cultural groups into one stage creates the image, friction, and complementing the vision of authority.

So, different groups within the country may disagree on how power should be shared or distributed, or how the government should function. So, this competition often results in internal conflict. So, given this, larger countries are harder to govern and contain more diverse political cultures.

So the primary example may be DRC. So this is the map of DRC. DRC has a large size of character. So due to the size, DRC may naturally include

many different ethnolinguistic groups. So this map shows composition of different ethnolinguistic groups in DRC. So there are a lot of different groups, right? So the large scale of this diversity makes it nearly impossible for DRC to protect a single effective authority over everyone. In addition, DRC is a very important part of the community

Here I see this capital, Kinsansia located here. Okay, so within the territory of Congo, right? So under these conditions, these ethnic groups may have dominant Portugal power over our ethnic group. So this may be

cause serious tension between differences. In addition, in Eastern border, there are a lot of different ethnic groups, right? So this is why Eastern region in BRC suffers from long-lasting conflict.

And some people argued Rwanda support rebel group to dismantle stability in this country. So for Rwanda, political stability, maintaining political stability in DRC pose a threat on their country.

because Randa is a small country. So by using their resources, they try to cause political instability along this borderline. So what are the effects of this memorandum and suffocation on civil wars and stability.

So suffocation, obviously suffocation is positively associated with the likelihood of civil war. So this means when diverse pre-colonial political cultures are forced into one state, internal conflict becomes more common.

So the tension between different groups often leads to an organized breakdown of peace. And countries with more state-like pre-colonial culture, such as centralized kingdoms, are more likely to experience civil war. Because these groups are better able to articulate interest in opposition to other countries.

and the state based on their hierarchical structure. So a leader in this kind of group easily mobilize their citizens to cause some conflict. So it means these groups have existing organizational structure allow them to mobilize people effectively.

So consequently, they are better at articulating their interest in direct opposition to the central government or other world. So therefore, larger countries with high suffocation experience significantly more civil war. So these are a bit obvious, right? And diverse pre-colonial communities

And the diversity of pre-colonial culture within single territory also cause political instability, such as coup and coup attempt. So a state with many competing political values,

face constant instability within each administrative system. So we can say suffocation increases group grievances and weaken the overall stability of government. So when local groups are in

feel their traditional political values are being ignored. Their frustration with the state can grow. So these widespread grievances or dissatisfaction make the ruling government much more vulnerable to sudden collapse and external takeover.

And dismemberment reduces loyalty to the political system and promotes government crisis, which frequently prompt local interventions and queue. So dividing ethnic groups across international borders makes citizens feel less connected to their former state institutions.

So as loyalty to the central government phase, the political system becomes increasingly fragile and prone to military action. So therefore, both dismemberment and suffocation are significantly associated with the secessionist movement.

So larger countries and those with more diverse borders face more secessionist pressure. So the geographical scale and ethnic complexity of this kind of country make it difficult for the central government to maintain authority. So to maintain political stability,

the legitimacy and authority of central government is important. However, under these conditions, gaining authority from citizens is a bit harder. Because many citizens have very different ethnic or linguistic or cultural identity. So constantly remote regions are more likely to demand autonomy or complete separation from the state.

According to Baker, there were 24 Sessionist movements in Africa from 1946 to 1998. So this high number of conflicts illustrate how persistent the challenge of territorial integrity has been since the mid-20th century. So this movement shows inherited boundaries.

from European power continue to be a primary source of political instability on African countries. And its application also reduced government quality in terms of government effectiveness. So it means diverse political culture makes governance harder.

Managing population with conflicting tradition and expectations require more resources and complex negotiation. So this difficulty often leads to slower decision making and a decrease in the quality of public service delivery. And each of different cultural groups has different...

Different policy demands. Okay? So some may demand more water resources. Some may demand more housing. Or some may demand more transportation. So all of this may depend on their tradition.

Okay? So for example, some ethnic group has some kind of history gaining resources from trade. So under these conditions, they may demand more transportation infrastructure, right? But ethnic group with focus on agricultural practice,

they are less likely to demand the subsidy. So this may cause some competition in initiating or implementing policy. So this is why central government in Africa has faced some challenges to pursue a single policy initiative.

So this author shows evidence that countries with more partitioned populations have lower governance indicators. Okay, so when a state contains many split ethnic groups, it often lacks the social cohesion needed for stable or effective groups.

So as a result, these results tend to rank lower global scales of institutional quality. So the key takeaway may be Korea border are not innocuous line on OME. So these boundaries are not merely geographical making.

They are active political forces that shape modern statehood. So they have profound and long lasting impact on whether a country can achieve stability or falls into conflict. And they have two distinct pathologies.

So as we discussed, suffocation forces diversity and dismemberment, split community. So suffocation creates internal pressure by grouping incompatible political systems.

But dismemberment creates external pressure through divided loyalty. So those both independently contribute to Africa's governance challenges. So dismemberment and suffocation causes serious challenges in African countries' governance.

So Nigeria may be a classic example of suffocation. Even though European power respects pre-colonial state boundaries, such as

But they merge very different groups within the single territory of Nigeria. So we can say Nigeria's boundaries are arbitrarily drawn in terms of cultural growth. So I was probably calling out boundaries.

in Nigeria, put together distinct ethnic or cultural group within a single state. So as we can see in this map, Nigeria contains several major groups like Hanzha, Hulani, Kaneri, Yoruba, Igo, Hib, and Hib.

All of this has their own unique history and tradition. So, Korean line, we can say Korean line were drawn without regard for pre-existing political and social relationship between these diverse populations.

So this first integration of historically separate group has led to profound domestic conflict and long-term political integrity. So we will discuss the case of the Afra war.

So this photo has been taken during the Biafra war. In 1967, the Ibo people of Southeastern Nigeria declared the dependence of the Republic of Biafra. So this move was driven by a deep sense of political marginalization and a desire for ethnic self-determination. So it remains one of the most significant historical challenges to the imported border.

we have discussed earlier. So these declarations sparked a brutal three-year civil war against the federal government. So naturally, Nigerian central government refused to recognize the cessation. So this led to a massive military confrontation to preserve territorial integrity.

So consequently, this war became a critical turning point in understanding the difficulties of maintaining national unity in diversity. So the war resulted in humanitarian tragedy with an estimated one million people losing their lives.

before the cessation attempt was defeated, completely defeated in 1970. Tragedically, a major portion of this death were caused by famine and disease during the total of the region. So we can easily detect the evidence of famine, right?

So if you search the"Diapura war" in Google, you can see very tragic photos caused by the family. Following the war, the Evo community has consistently reported

buildings of political and economic marginalization by the Nigerian government. So even though the civil war ended in 1970, deep serious grievances regarding the distribution of power and resources still persist today. So this perceived exclusion continues to fuel strong resentment toward the federal authority in Abuja.

So the capital of Nigeria. So the indigenous people of Diapra was formed as an ethnic evil organization to champion the cause for autonomy and independence. So this group aims to revive the goal of establishing a separate sovereign state for the evil people in Southeast.

And IPOP's campaign for self-determination has at times involved violent crash and unrest within the Southeastern regions. The federal government's response to this movement often results in a cycle of state repression and local protests.

So consequently, the Southeastern region remains a significant platform for national security and institutional stability. So let's discuss some kind of theoretical insight. So Nigeria's instability is tied to aggregation of groups with state-like pre-colon identity.

So this suggests the country's political friction is a direct result of forcing several highly organized historical countries into a single administrative unit. So when groups with strong independent identities are merged,

They often view the new central government as a competitor rather than a list-made authority. So, Kingdom of Abu served as a primary example of this organized pre-colonial structure. So, based on this kingdom, the evils historically possessed organized political system.

So this image, this society, were far from being organized or state-based. Rather, they had established methods for maintaining social order and making cultural decisions. So this historical foundation gave the population a clear sense of political belonging.

long before the Nigeria was established. A centralized political system under OBI and a centralized political system existed under OBI and was supported by a strong commercial foundation. Because the kingdom of Apo is located in Niger Delta,

So their location is maybe pull-up for commercial activity or trade. So their OBE provided the necessary leadership to manage kingdoms' internal affairs and external relations. And furthermore, their economic strength in trade gave the kingdom the resources needed to sustain its political influence over time.

So ABO is a prime example of a cell-like pre-colonial group with organizational capacity to articulate interest and challenge central authority. So because this group already had experience with governance or pre-colonial or

Centralized political system, they were better equipped to organize resistance against colonial and federal policy. So their pre-existing organizational skill allowed them to effectively mobilize their people to protect their specific regional interests.

So the presence of competition for multi-staylight groups within one set of borders significantly magnified the likelihood of civil violence and the sectionist movement. So where several powerful historical entities were forced to share a single national budget and podcast space.

Intense rivalry is almost inevitable. So this competition can escalate into conflict. Because each group possesses the institutional memory and capacity to fight for their own autonomy. So we already know the existence of pre-coloring entities here, right?

and EVO also has strong history of pre-colonics. So based on their history of satellite authorities,

These groups can compete to gain political power or resources. This may cause severe conflict within a single territory. Now let's move on to how foreign aid affects state paradigms.

So, foreign aid serves as a potential substitute for domestic state capacity. So, this may arise the question about whether external support actually prevents a state from developing its own internal institution. So, there is an aid paradox. So, aid provides revenue without taxation.

It weakened the link between citizens and the state. So if a country is highly dependent on taxation, they can address citizens' demand.

Since citizens need to tax to central or state government, they can also demand for their preferred policy. However, aid can break this linkage between tax and public policy.

or the central government and citizens. So in a healthy state, taxation creates a direct bond accountability between the government and the people.

However, when government's revenue comes from upside, the government no longer needs to listen to its citizens to fund its operations. So, government that rely on aid don't need to citizens' consent to raise revenue.

So this independence, independence from the citizens, all the leaders, to maintain power without addressing the needs of their people. So this is why foreign aid usually categorize into non-tax webinar. So, culturally, the motivation to build democratic institutions,

to increase political accountability is significantly diminished. So as a result, aid can substitute for state building rather than promoting. So instead of encouraging long-term institutional growth or investment in building state structure, aid often provides a short-term fix that bypasses local systems.

So, many donors know this paradox and the negative consequences of aid. So, now aid has become conditional on governance reform.

However, naturally, conditionality is hard to enforce. So, both donors try to use money as leverage to encourage better political practices and transparency. However, in practice, recipient government often find ways

to circumvent these rules while still receiving the funds. So donors face a dilemma because withholding aid can punish citizens instead of leaders. So distributing foreign aid may have positive impact on maintaining citizens' well-being.

in poor countries. But foreign aid also can function as substitute for domestic state capacity. So even though donors already know this problem, they cannot stop the distribution of aid.

because it can punish citizens rather than leaders. So, cutting off aid to a corrupt government often results in humanitarian crisis for the most vulnerable people. So, therefore, donors are often forced to continue.

providing support even when the state governance remains poor. So if you are interested in foreign aid and international development, I encourage you to survey this issue in a detailed manner. So without considering some negative consequences of foreign aid,

We cannot achieve our established goal for promoting democratic governance or improving economic situation in recipient countries. And now let's move on to population density.

So population density can shape state formation. In other words, population density plays a crucial role in shaping how states are formed. So the concentration of people in a specific area often determines the type of political institution that develop over time.

So scholars like Jeffrey Holmst argue that geography and democracy are fundamental to understanding state capacity. So let's compare between Europe and Africa in terms of population density.

So by 1975, Africa had only reached the population density Europe had in early 16th century.

in early 16th century had 13.7 people per square kilometer. However, South San and Africa in 1975 reached a nearly identical 13.6 people.

So this massive time gap shows Africa remains a relatively empty continent for much longer than Europe. So why this matters in Europe? Dance population creates competition for territory and it draws state buildings through war.

So Charles Tilley mentioned war made the state and state made the war. So war may be an important factor for successful state buildings. However, due to sparse population, Africa, almost all African countries does that.

experience such process. So in Europe, land was scarce. Lulers had to fight to protect their borders and expand their influence. So this constant threat forced government to become more organized and efficient.

to survive. But in contrast, in Africa, sparse population means there was less territorial competition and less incentive to strong state. So when land is abundant and people are few, it is much easier.

for the LSI group to simply move away rather than stay and fight. So, costumably, there was less historical pressure on African leaders to develop complex, centralized administration. So, European model follows a cycle where

And war leads to taxation, which built bureaucracy and eventually created state capacity. So, as I did, Charles Tilly described this model by using the statement, war made the state and the state made war.

So to fund these works, ruler had to create systems to tax their citizens, which established the foundation of modern bureaucracy. But these dynamics of a state building were largely absent in pre-colonia and colony Africa. Because the incentives for territorial conquest were low,

the internal pressure to create extractive tax system was also missing. So this historical difference may be one of the key reasons why many modern and contemporary African states still struggle with low administrative capacity.

cities were engines of state buildings connecting capital to hinterland. So European capital were also central hub designed to integrate the surrounding countryside into national economy. So this all for effective administration and the expansion of state power through the entire territory.

However, in Africa, capital cities tell a different story. So unlike the European model, African capital often developed in isolation from the internal region. So this led to a geographical disconnect that hindered long-term state building efforts.

So by 19, 28 of 44 colonial capital were located on the coast. So the coastal placement of the capital reflects the primary goal of colonial administration, which is trade and resource destruction. So this demonstrates the cities were positioned for maritime access rather than domestic territorial control.

and the culture capital were designed for communication with Europe, not for protecting power in it. So infrastructure was built primarily to facilitate the flow of goods to the metropole in Europe. So consequently, the central government often struggled to maintain influence over the remote

inland regions. So there are seven regions of displaced capital. So Lagos became Nigeria's capital, instead of traditional central like Ibadan, Efe, and Sokoto. So by selecting a coastal port as the central government,

the British privatized trade over the historical center of authority. So this created a new center of power that was physically distant from the northern and central political heartlands. And Accra became Ghana's capital rather than Kumashi. While Kumashi was the state of powerful Ashanti Empire, the Ashanti Empire is a strong pre-colonial state in Ghana, the British chose Accra

for each strategic coastal location. So this decision weakened traditional political ties moves the government closer to international shipping roads. And Damaqo became Mali's capital instead of historical center Timbuktu. Timbuktu had been a world

famous center of law, education, and trade for centuries. However, the French colonial administration developed Damaqo as the new administrative hub to suit their own logistics. In extreme case, country were ruled from administrative center located even outside

their borders. So this highlights the artificial and important nature of statehood in these regions. So it means some colonial administration were completely detached from the land and people they're governed. For example, Mauritania was ruled

from St. Louis outside its border during colonial time. So St. Louis served as the administration center in Senegal while simultaneously managing military affairs. So this means the ruling elite were physically separate

from the population. They were meant to govern. And Botswana was moved from Mafe King in South Africa. So the administrative capital of Botswana was actually located across border in the Cape Colony in South Africa.

So this may be a clear example of a state structure that was completely external to the society itself. So the result of this process is many capitals were not organically connected to their territories.

So this lack of organic connection remains a major obstacle to building a unified state, state identity in modern era. So, Jeffrey Hobbs argued in Africa, broadcasting power

towards hinterland is very difficult. Okay? So the concept of protesting power refers how state project authority across territories. So this may be the process, making the governance process felt even in most remote areas.

It means citizens can detect the presence of the state. It is related to enforcement of law across different regions within a single territory. So the national design, including the size and shape of a country, significantly affects its governance capacity.

Large, irregularly shaped countries face higher cost of broadcasting power. Stretch out the borders or difficult terrain require more resources to maintain communication and control. Constantly, these countries often struggle to keep their distant regions

integrate with the capital. And landlocked countries face additional challenges because they have no access to global market. So being surrounded by other countries make trade more expensive and dependent.

on the stability of neighboring states. So these geographical advantages of hinders economic growth and state building efforts. So under European assumption, bigger is better, right? So this model focuses on achieving economies of scale.

maintaining larger armies, and creating bigger markets. However, this assumes the state can effectively govern a large territory, and this requires extensive infrastructure. So with a road, railway, and effective bureaucracy, a massive territory,

is simply impossible to manage. So, the African reality is, bigger open means, weaker for many countries. In other words, in many cases, possessing a large size of territory has become a burden, rather than a source of strength.

So as we discussed, state reaches, diminishes with distance from the capital. So this distance creates fiscal and political gap between the ruler and citizen. So consequently peripheral vision

become ungoverned slaves. So when the central government cannot provide security and or services, these areas become vulnerable to instability. So Chad, the Central African Republic, and Northern Mali may be classic example

of states unable to present power to their parents. So in this country, central authority is limited to capital city and its immediate surrounding. So the remote regions often operate outside the effective control of the central government.

So the large size of territory in Africa, for African's country, make it harder to project the central government authority or political power to the territory. So we can conclude, African state,

too large for their government capacity. So DRC is maybe a primary example. Okay, DRC is 2.3 million square kilometers, which is roughly the size of Western Europe. But it is governed by one of the weakest states in the world.

So under this condition, the center of problem is protecting authority across vast, sparsely populated territory. So building a load, deploying policy, collecting taxes, and providing services, all of this

Related to government resources. But many African countries lack this kind of resources. As one moves further away from the center of power, the influence and services of the central government weaken significantly.

So this can create power vacuum in the Peripelian era, where local militia, rebel groups, or traditional leaders often take over the road, typically held by the state. However, small states in Africa paradoxically perform better in Africa.

While the state historical model suggested bigger states were stronger due to economies of scale, as we discussed, the African state's reality often shows the opposite. Smaller territories appear to allow for more efficiency.

broadcasting of power and more stable government. So there are several successful small state examples. Botswana, Mauritius and Cabo Verde. So all of this country has strong and stable

Mauritius has high income level. So this photo is taken in the capital of Botswana, and this photo is taken in Mauritius.

we can detect the high economic development in these countries. Right? So, but large countries face severe government challenges due to large state size and weak state capacity.

So, hub's theoretical implication, maybe, the assumption that larger states are always better from European experience doesn't hold in Africa. So, without massive investment in infrastructure, size becomes a...

Reliability rather than an asset. And smaller states may be easier to govern, more cohesive and more responsive to citizens. So they tend to be more socially cohesive and have more political responsiveness.

to the needs of their citizens. However, even though smaller units might be more governable, the current international sovereignty regime prevents the redrawing border in Africa. So this gives large ungovernable states

intact even when they are failing to provide basic services. So the mismatch between imported large-scale state design and actual administrative capacity remains one of the primary drivers.

of state failure in Africa. So today I want to pause here because I want to give you some 10 minutes to prepare your exam. Good luck on your midterm exam and