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Hello everyone. This is chapter 5, volume of electrolyte in the battery. So currently the carbonate electrolyte such as

looks like the carbonated electrolyte with a high electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity is widely using commercial batteries. Nevertheless, they suffer from serious safety problems such as leakage, some inflammatory and explosion. Bottom of the polymer electrolyte have improved electrochemical stability and thermal stability. Thus, the safety problem caused by light.

liquid electrolyte can be well addressed when the polymine electrolyte will be used. Additionally, batteries with polymine electrolyte are quite cost-impacted compared to the ceramic-based solar-state electrolyte, environmentally friendly, easy to package, and leak-free, which are beneficial for the realization of next-generation high energy density, the batteries with high safety.

So like these kinds of figures, we can see the very simplex and very thin in case of the polymy electrolyte. The concept of the polymy electrolyte was put forth in 1973 when the Pantone discovered that the P.O. and the lithium polymy system exhibit a similar conductivity to the alkaline metal ions. Then the Michael R. Monk, the

employed the polyethylene oxide lithium system as the electrolyte in all solicited batteries and the ionic conductivity of polym electrolyte reached 10 to minus 4 the zeman per centimeter at 40 to 60 degrees. So in case of the liquid electrolyte So at least the...

10 to minus 2 zements per centimeter at least so still there is some 100 times but then some quite good some ionic conductivity compared to the other kinds of the electrolyte. In addition to polyethylene oxide this one is a PEO

the various polymetries including the PVDF, polyvinyl fluoride, and the polyacrylene nitrates, PAN, polyethylene glycol methyl, ethyl meta acrylate, the polyethylene carbonate, biline carbonate, propylene carbonate, and their derivative have also been extensively explored for solid polymene electrolytes.

This figure presents a brief history of the development of solid polymer electrolyte, but the typical polymer matrix. After the decline of the effort, significant advances have been made in the comprehensive property of the solid polymer electrolyte, such as the ionic conductivity, ionic transfer number, mechanical strength, safety, and chemical stability.

So let's look at the lithium-ion transfer mechanism in the solid state, some ceramic electrolyte. Firstly, if we understand the ion transfer mechanisms in the ceramic electrolyte, it is more easier to understand the ion transfer mechanism in the polymer electrolyte. So the first thing is the vacancy mechanisms. So usually the ion transfer mechanism is three.

the main mechanism the first the vacancy mechanisms here the short key the defect create the vacancy the lithium ions is the hope hope means is the moving like here into the this the vacancy and each hope generate a new vacancy like as though one the ion is moving here and then there are some the vacancies

So the cycle is continued, the luteu ion is moving here. Secondly, the interstitial mechanism relies on the Prenkel defect. Luteu ion in the interstitial side diffuse between the molecular scartons moving by displacing the luteu ions. But interstitial and substitial exchange mechanism. This is a little bit...

the loop pathway combining the vacancy and the interstitial mechanisms. So now which mechanism dominates? It depends on three factors like as the carrier, carrier tide, diffusion pathway, the diffusion type. The point defect in the create star domain

So the pointy parts in the crystal domain defined carrier concentrations and interactions among the liquid ions and with their surrounding also strongly influenced ion conductivity. But then recently the new idea called the pedal wheel mechanism has been proposed. In this case the anions the rotating dynamically forming something like revolving door and the pedal wheel.

motions that have the lithium ion hold more easily. By mixing different ion we can tune the framework and promote its effect. Importantly stabilizing the water phase at room temperature is essential for achieving high ionic conductivity in the practical application. So in summary so usually in the ceramic electrolyte ion transport mechanism there are three things vacancy, interstitial and the the

mixed system interstitial substitution exchange mechanism or new the mechanism paddle wheel mechanism. So come back to the polymyl electrolyte. Let's talk about the ion transfer mechanism in the polymyl electrolyte. Among all the different types of solid polymyl electrolyte the Polyethylene oxide is

the most frequently applied the polymer matrix. In the PU-based solid polymer electrolyte, transport of lithium ion in the polymer matrix follows a commonly accepted mechanism. I guess ion is dissociated from the counter ion and the coordinates with the electron donor group in the polymer host. Under the electric field, the cation tends to fall from the one.

coordinating side looks like here from this side moving to this different side one coordinating side to other coordinating side such as iron hoping is a fast-like divide either a segmental motion of polymer chain looks like here or the iron cross assisting function in which temporarily reassociation with the counter

Ion occurred before being resorbated by electron donor groups in the polymer. So it is thus generally believed that the ion conduction in PU, the base of solid poly electrolyte, mainly occurs in the armopause part, while the crystalline part delivered by the limited ion versions. Therefore, ionic conductivity of the Teo-based solid poly electrolyte

The highly depends on the nature of the polymatrix in terms of its ability to solvate lithium salt and the ratio of the crystalline phase versus amorphous phase. So the summary of the game. Firstly, ion dissociation, cation and anion. Whilst this one usually lithium salt like Li, BfSi, Li, Bf6 looks like here.

this case Li plus PF26 minus Li plus PFSI minus. So ion dissociations and then coordination with electron donor groups in the polymer host like the oxygen plus here. Under electric field, lithium ions are hoping. So from here to that segmental motion of polymer chain or ion clustering.

it's polymer is moving, looks like here, they're re-associated with the cloud iron and then repeats. But then in case of the ceramics, so firstly they find the vacancies and the iron is hopins, the hopins and the hopins. There is the difference between the polymer electrolyte and the ceramic electrolyte. Now, similar to the traditional electrolyte dissociation of lithium-ion in polymer electrolytes the fundamental basis of the iron transport.

In this process, the full-up functional groups within the polymer such as ether, carbonyl, sulfur, nitrous, these kinds of things play a crucial role. They facilitate dissociation liquid, which enables ion conduction. A key parameter we use to evaluate the dissociation ability is the dielectric

Simply the higher dielectric constant, the stronger the dissociation of the lithium salt and therefore the better the ionic conductivity. Like this, dielectric constant increase, then the dissociation, the rhythm salt, improve, and then the

ionic conductivity is increased. To describe the ionic conductivity in the electrolyte, we typically depend on two models. One is the Vogel-Termont-Fuller VTF models and the Araneus models. The VTF equations were the first proposed to explain the diffusion process

the glassy, the is ordered materials. It is derived from the theory such as the free volume theory and the quasi-thermodynamic concept like as the configuration and the entropy. The VTF behind it is often linked to eye mobility as well as the long-range motion of polymer chain and the solvent molecules. So the disease that we have model is widely applied to this pipe. Ion transport in the polymer electrolyte and the gel polymer electrolyte

especially above the glass transition temperatures. So detailed information we can see and consider these kinds of the factor. And second thing, Araneus models. In contrast, Araneus behavior is usually associated with the ion popping within the matrix. This model is often used to explain ion transport in the inorganic solid electrolyte, amorphous polymy electrolyte, particle-like loader glass transitions.

usually this one, above glass transitions, below ground dilation. So this distinction between the VTF and the RNUs behavior is very important because it helps us understand which conduction mechanism dominates under different conditions, whether it is the segmental motion of polymer backbones or localized ion hopings. So the polymer electrolyte has several advantages over the conventional.

liquid electrolytes. These ionic conducting phase possess the transport properties which are comparable with some liquid ionic solution and also have some other interesting properties such as transparency, solvent, light weight, theme,

So good ionic conductivity sometimes and easy process of leakage. But here, the use of pulmonary electrolytes enhance safety as they prevent some problems such as electrolyte leakage, internal short circuits, use of corrosive solvent, and also production of harmful gases and presence of non-combustible reaction products on the electric surface. So that is really good.

Let's look at the different type of polymer electrolytes. There are two types of polymer electrolytes based on their source and origin. One is natural and then thin with it. Some natural polymer electrolytes widely manifest in the research area such as hitosan, rich, starchy, like as corn, starches.

present in like this one the polymer electrolyte can also be categorized into three different types of based on their physical state and the compositions gel polymer electrolyte solid polymer electrolyte and composite polymer electrolyte so we can see SPE means solid polymer electrolyte gel polymer electrolyte gpc

CPE is the composite polymer electrolyte. So detailed type of polymer electrolyte we will cover the next page. So let's talk about the GPE, dual polymer electrolytes. These are sometimes called plastic-sized polymer electrolytes. They were first introduced in 1975.

So what is that exactly? Well you can think about the gel polymer electrolyte as a polymer network that has been swollen. The liquid electrolyte looks like here. Just a polymer electrolyte. Add some liquid electrolyte like these kinds of molecules and this one is put in here.

the changes looks like

swallow. So when we add a plastic size and polymer matrix take over the liquid and the form kind of the gel. So now how do we actually make one? It's quite simple. You start with a polymer like the PO for example. You mix it with lithium, salt and solvent. When you heat the mixture, it turns into clear, but it goes leaky. Then you cast it

while it's hard to press it between electrodes and cooling down with both DNA films. That is the the gel polymy electrolyte. So why are the gel polymy electrolytes important? Because they behave like the rig. So when it comes to our movement...

but they also have a the stability of a the solid so it looks like the the middle the liquid electrolyte to the high and productivity compared to the solid polymer electrolyte and they don't You can go for it easily and they are saved.

they are mechanically stable. On top of that they are lightweight, they can operate over quite the wide voltage window which depends on the solvent, the other cheek, and they are easy to shave into whatever size and all the form you need. So it's quite the promising the options but on the GPE

not perfect. One of the big drawbacks is poor, sometimes poor mechanical strength. Since they contain the liquid inside the structure can be too weak to withstand the stress between the anode and the cathode. So that's a serious issue for the practical device. But some of the researchers, I

have found a way to fix this by adding DLA or the nanoparticles into the polymer. The mechanical strength can be improved. So GPE becomes much more reliable. That's the state over at the GPE. Next is the solid polymy electrolyte. So the research on the solid polymy electrolyte is an about that will be titled Rho in

and advanced by Armand and colleagues. The very first type study was so-called dry solid polymene electrolyte based on the PEO polyethylene oxide. Like the GAL system, this was a completely solvent-free material, no liquid. However, the oil bridger was not very familiar because the ion conductivity at room temperature was quite full.

Despite this rotation, solid polymene electrolyte quickly became a focus of the research because of their huge potential in electrochemical devices. These days, they are being explored for applications in battery and also like this electrochromic window, solar cell, user, dye sensor, device, thermal electric generator,

lot of application various applications. So the the Storic Polymer Lactylite there is usually two important laws one is the ionic conductor but also as a separator between the Lactylites. That means they can replace the inert porous spacer while using the liquid Lactylite. On top of that

they can serve as binder, improving the contact with the electron without requiring the high-temperature processing that the liquid system often demands. So now, let's talk about the solid polymer why are the solid polymer electrolytes so attractive? So maybe, this solvent-free is quite huge and we leak through light weight in the mechanical standpoint.

They also have low volatil with high thermal and electrical chemical stability and can be fabricated into different shapes of geometries. Like the previous gel-polymin electrolytes, solid-polymin electrolytes eliminate the risk of hydradorous gas generation or solvent leakies. They give us longer shelf life and wider operating temperature lanes. But of course there are the challenges.

The two big drawbacks are the low ionic conductivity at low temperatures and the high interfacial resistance. Another issue is the derretendency, the crystallization. Since ionic conduction mainly happens in amorphous points, crystallization reduces conductivity and limits their performance. So there is the soil polymylaterate.

The next thing is composite polymer electrolytes. So composite polymer electrolytes, the researchers have exposed several techniques like polymer landings, mixing the two different type polymer looks like to get the better performance. Another method is the cross-link polymer matrix to improve the structure strength.

Others include designing the cone branch copolymer using binary sold or adding plastic sizer to improve ionic mobilities. More recent strategies involve dumping with nanomaterials or adding ionic liquid or reinforcement with the inorganic filler. All of these approaches aim to enhance conductivity and mechanical stabilizes.

So what makes the composite polymer electrolyte interesting? They offer good flexibility, high thermostability, strong interfacial contact, and higher ionic conductivity compared to the conventional solid polymer electrolyte. So these kinds of improvements mainly comes from enhancing ion mobility inside the materials. But it's important to note the performance of compatible electrolytes strongly depends on the type of particles

is the fill up or the alitib added. The size, poise, surface area, a lot of things influence the final conductivity. So these days there are many the introduced to study the composite polymer electrolytes, wheat, ceramic, solid electrolytes like this one LGPS usually certified.

the electrolyte and sometimes the oxide so the electrolyte also use it. So someone reported these kinds of the study control the ceramic content so polymer reach is good or the the ceramic reach is better to optimize these systems is very the promising that

candidate for the solid state battery. So alive the electric vehicle compare the three main different types of polymer electrolyte. Solid polymer, gel polymer, compiled polymer electrolyte. So solid polymer electrolyte is solvent free, fully dry is very important. And then the usually the ionic conduction mending through the

polymer segmental motions. Their advantage is the limitation. The limitation is low ionic conductivity. And gal polymer electrolyte looks like the hybrid between the liquid and solid polymer matrix swollen with the liquid electrolyte. The advantage is definitely high ionic conductivity, but sometimes due to the wicked contents they have four mechanical strengths. Composite polymyl electrolyte. Polymyl electrolyte combined with the inorganic dilla or the nanomaterial to enhance properties.

bottom the limitation is the complex and the filler and polymer compatibility issues still remain. Bottom is quite a bromide intactness this one. The preparation of polymer electrolyte requires at least one host polymer electrolyte and

lithium salt, sometimes plastic sizer and sometimes additives. So example of a host polymer that are commonly using the preparation of polymene electrolyte like as the polyethylene oxide is very famous, polyvinyl electrolyte, polymethyl metaccharide and then polyvinylide afloride hexafluoride

propylene EVDFHF we usually call this acryoxid, carb lactam, Hytosan, a lot of things. Now before we go deeper into different type of photomelectrons let's take a step back and look at what they are actually made through. So we already talked about it. The polymer electrolyte consists of this one, polymer host, lithium soot, plastic scygep, and additive.

the polymer host these act as the backbones in the supporting matrix like a peo usually they have a some good functional groups like as the lateral donating looks like these kinds of the functional groups and this functional group can interact with the rhythm suit and help this will shake them into free ions second component also important lithium salt. Lithium salt is the actual source of a mobile ion

popular choice include the lithium, chlorine, oxide, BF4, TFSI, BF6. The lithium source must have a high solubility in the polymatrix in the low rate of energy so that the lithium ion can dissociate easily and move through the electrolyte. This one is host. This one is electrolyte.

salt this one is a plastic sciser and a bit plastic sciser it's improved chain mobility and the conductivity like it's ethylene carbonate propylene carbonate sometimes other organic materials and then additive or the filler additive or filler can find the stability or mechanical properties or the ionic conductivity sometimes the

for example the inorganic, organic, so a lot of things in here. So let's look at the polymer host, the representative polymer host it's a PEO, so already you know that the PEO has become the popular because of the many attractive property, it's a good dimensional stability and the strong ability to complex with salt

relatively high end conductivity in the amorphous state, the good collision resistance, mechanical flexibility, chemical stability, reasonable cost is good. However, despite all these kinds of advantages, PEO also has some serious trouble. The most quicker one is low ionic Conductivity.

At the ambient condition, the crystalline phase is largely non-conductive. Above the mounting point, the crystalline phase transition to amalgues, and the conductivity is improved. But at the same time, the material, though the dimensional stability, becomes more like a very viscous liquid, which weakens its mechanical strength. So, to address these kinds of things, researchers have tried several stages.

One is to create the solid polymene electrolyte with the gel polymene electrolyte. Or adding the nanofiller, they make the composite polymene electrolyte. Another strategy is polymer blendings. By blending TEO and another polymer like the TMA or another option,

this kind of combination can reduce crystallinity and increase ionic conductivity. But still, PeO is quite good suppose for the polyvide electrolyte. Next thing is polyvinylidene fluoride so we call it PVDF. PVDF already is quite well known as

the polymer binder because of their good affinity to electrolyte solution, strong electrochemical stability and high dielectric constant. So the why is the fluorine is good. One of the key reasons is stability is present in the fluorine atoms along the backbone of the polymer. Strong electron, the

wadeering groups have given PVDF a very high anodic stability. At the same time, this flooring group have the dissociated lithium sold into the free lithium ions which increase the number of charge carriers in the system. But on PVDF, still some disadvantage. When the PVDF contact with the lithium the med pose is not stable.

which leads to the four interfacial properties. Another limitation comes from the crystalline region of PVDF within the immorality of lithium ion. As a result, PVDF-based electrolytes often show the low charge and discharge capacity compared to other systems. So to improve that, There are a lot of some options.

making gel or using filler or sometimes the dopings all the mixed together. Next is the PVDF-HFD is the copolymer, vinylidene, fluoride and hexafluoropropylase. The combination of these two gives us the unique material with the Bose-Crystylin PVF segment and the Amore-Force this segment. This dual structure provides high arm conductivity along with good mechanical strength.

So PVDF-HFD is very common in the polymer electrolyte system. So moreover, there are many studies like PVDF-HFD based gas, polymer electrolyte, or the people with propylene carbonate, ethyl carbonate plastic scyzer. And the three different lithium salts of plant is quite good, the polymyl electrolyte.

because they have the highest ionic conductivity and the quite flexible the properties. But the TBDF HFP is very promising but on the price is still quite the problem. Poly methyl metaclate PMMA is transparent.

and amorphous polymer known for good mechanical properties. However, when used as polymer electrolyte, PMMA-based systems often suffer from the raw mechanical integrity and high retenance. The potential of PMMA as polymer holes was first reported back in 1985 by the Japanese guys. Since then, several studies have looked at the

way to improve performance. So for example, using the different kinds of the plastic size effect onto the PMA-based gal electrolyte or combined with the filler, they can make the different kinds of the polymer electrolyte the C-steps. So in case of the polymer electrolyte, so already we learn about the three steps

blending or the plastic sizer or the additive. So three steps for improving their strategies. Next is the polyacronidate PAN record. It also very formalized material because it offers several outstanding features. The first high thermal stability, the

high-end conductivity good compatibility with lithium electrode. Its morphology allows excellent electrolyte uptake and importantly it has to suppress dendrite formation during the charging and the discharging. In fact, when we compare it with the PVBF, PAM performed better in terms of the interfacial properties, mechanical properties,

dendrite the suppressions. Why? Because over there the functional groups, the nitrile groups can interact with the lithium ions while the CO groups common velocity sizers enhance the each of the different electrolyte systems. So moreover the PAN we can make the looks like the

uvm type of the polymer electrolyte using the elatrospinning detectives. So because of these kinds of the advantage, the PAM is quite the promising some materials. Now let's talk about the cellarose-based solid polymer electrolyte It's quite natural.

So the cellulose is abundant in the biodegradable and chemically stable and highly flexible. And also they have some abundant functional group, looks like the OH. All these kinds of functional groups can have dissolved lithium salts, which is critical for enabling ion conduction. However, there are some challenges,

like the poor solubility of set loss in many solubents, which make it difficult to process directly. Some of the researchers have modified the set loss through the techniques such as esterification, etherification, or graft co-thinking, a lot of things to improve the solubility. So there are a lot of some options. It's changing the structure.

also making some new morphological characteristics there are many some some new strategies. Another drawback is the relatively low ionic conductivity this is mainly because the tight packed molecular chains looks like here in cell rules restrict the lithium-ion movement.

So in the structure they have a good option to dissociate the lithium sword but they're very tight to pack the structure. So lithium ion moving is very tough to move another side. So to improve this, researchers have introduced inorganic filler or iron liquid.

plastic crystalline molecules can be incorporated into the cellulose so these additives looks like here many additives

like here, lithium ions moving is more easier. So this additive disrupt the regular packing of cellulose chain, modify the lithium ion environment, ultimately improving ion mobility and overall conductivity, sometimes improve the mechanical property. Now let's discuss the role of the the lithium sort.

These salts are absolutely very essential because they strongly influence the properties of the electrolyte. When the lithium salt is doped into the polymer matrix, it interacts with the polymer chain. This interaction not only increases ionic conductivity, but also improves the chemical stability and mechanical strains of the system. It also has the lithium salt dissolved in the polymer holes. So several common lithium salts have been widely sturdy like in this table.

like the lithium halide, lithium hexafluorohosphate, LIPF6, lithium pachlorate, and DF4, DFSI, quite common. DF6 is considered what I'm promising. It has a low high microscopic speed which means it doesn't absorb water easily.

It also offered good solubility and is relatively low cost. Another important is TFSI. TFSI has several advantages like excellent thermal stability, non-toxic, reddish oxidation, and also the one thing is not sensitive to humidity because of the raw and ion structure so it decomposes well in the low dielectric solvent.

avoid the electric poisons and enhance the overall electrochemical stability of the electrolytes. Another electrolyte also sometimes they use rhythm sol and sometimes special additives. But the one of the famous one is RITF6 and the TFI. Next thing is the plastic sciser.

plastic scissor follows the comparability with the polymer, electrical material, thermodynamically stable, low cost, high die electric constant, low melting point and high boiling point, non-toxic, easy to develop it. So it looks like this one is one of the options for the plastic scissor. So the summary, plastic scissor, not just softening.

their compatibility, stability, viscosity, dielectric constant, or the controlled interaction with lithium-ion are all critical factors. By carefully selecting the proper plastic size, we can dramatically improve the performance of volume and electrolyte, while maintaining mechanical and electrochemical stabilities. So, let's look at some strategies for carbon-polymer electrolyte.

There are several key strategies to address the shortcoming of the conventional system. Firstly, the polymer landings. And the second thing is the core polymer. Third, cross-ringing. Fourth, filler, finer, plastic scyter, or ionic liquid. These cards of astrologies

we can significantly enhance the performance of polymer electrolyte for next generation the light trace. Among the different approaches to improve polymer electrolyte, polymer blending is considered one of the most feasible and effective techniques. What is polymer blending? It's simply the process mixing two or sometimes more than 40 minutes together with or without the conical

It is a physical mixture of the different polymer. The advantage of blending is that the original material often shows the properties that are superior to the individual component, which is why the polymer blends are widely used between the Bors commercial and the industry of color applications. Let's look at some of the examples.

PMMA, so one of the things PMMA, PVDF showed the remarkable improvement in the little minor conduction. So mixing together they provide the good mechanical stability across a wide temperature range. So the another thing is the solvent casting techniques.

the BPO and another material PPC, polypropanate carbonate. Using this one, the crystallinity of the BPO has decreased and they have more amorphous reasons. Finally, these kinds of things improve the ionic conductivities. However, ionic conductivity increase and improve the mechanical property of the PPC, then the PPC will increase the amount of the BPO.

have the increments in the mechanical properties. Next is a copolymer. Copolymer is the polymer that is prepared from at least two different types of monomer. By combining monomer in this way we can design the material with properties that are often better than those of individual polymer alone. In other words, these improvements come from the synergistic impact of the data.

the combined structure compared to the polymer blending. Polymer blending usually physical mixture but they have chemical bonding, the cobalent bonding. So one of the most famous examples, ppdf, hfp. Complement radiation, the nilbemphoride and hexa upload for plan.

Compared to pure PVDF, PVDF-HFP is the lower crystallinity and the better solubility in the organic solvent. These kinds of things leading to the improved ionic conductivity and suitable for gel polymer electrolytes. So a lot of the examples in this case we can consider and we can find quite improved.

For example, the PAN polyacrylonitrile called MMA. These kinds of copolymer was blended with plastic sciser and silica filler. They can show quite good ionic conductivity. 1.910 to minus 3 is close to the liquid electrolyte ionic conductivity.

So the more of another examples. Some researchers focused on the lithium ion conductivity and the electrochemical property of solid random coprolina. So they used quite interesting, like this new structure looks like here. Using the hydrocys, they made more good ionic moving systems.

because they have after the hydrosis this kind of functional groups the increase the polarity that means the improved the attraction of the lithium ions and led to the improved the lithium ion the conductivity next is the filler the derons are typically the ionic particles

such as the alumina or silica, titania or zirconia disperses within the polymer. Interestingly, these particles do not directly contact with the mion. Instead, they improve the performance of the polymer electrolyte in several ways. First, filler reduces the polymer crystallinity and promotes the formation of amorphosphatism. The ion transport is much faster in the amorphosphate. So these directly enhance the ionic quantity.

Second, the interact with polymer and the lithium source facilitating ion dissociation and even creating alternative pathway for ion transfer. Third, improve the mechanical strength and sometimes they improve the thermal strength also. So there are many options.

I think the first generation filler usually alumina like this one. These days there are many options like ionic contact with ceramic filler. It is quite famous as the oxide based electrolyte like NLBO, NATP, NADP. So unlike the previous the inert ceramic filler, these materials themselves conduct the lithium ions. When disperses in polymer, they provide additional fast

ion pathway which significantly boost ionic conductivity. Next is functionalized nanofillers. These kinds of nanoparticles with surface groups such as hydroxyls or sulfonic acid, they interact directly with a lithium source reducing ion towering and increasing the number will move on in the ions.

spiny to choose our conductivity next to the hybrid carbon-based filler, graphite oxide, carbon nanotube or the menthol organic framework. Recent study uses these kinds of materials. These kinds of materials not only reinforce the polymer but also improve the interfacial stability with the electrode. Even at the small degree of electric conductivity,

this the most big, careful, controller prevents the short circuit. So that is the various type of filler. So we can divide the huge type. One is inert and the ion conducting.

As you know, rhenial solid poly electrolytes have been extensively studied as a safe alternative to liquid electrolytes. To improve the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties, some researchers have tried to add some use of the filler or the plastic scyter. This method indeed has reduced quality salinity and improved conductivity at lung temperature.

cannot prevent the melting and loss of the mechanical integrity at the elevated temperature. To advise this issue, researchers have turned chemical cross-linking by introducing covalent bond between the polymer chain, we already know about covalent linking. A three-dimensional network structure is formed. This covalent network

decrease the crystallinity of the polymer by disrupting the regular arrangement of the same segment, thereby enhancing the ionic mobility. More importantly, the network structure does not collapse at high temperature, which significantly improves the thermal and dimensional stability of the electrolyte. Another advantage is the flexibility.

design flexibility. So using the the cross linkings we can tune a lot of the functionalities. So a lot of the options and also using the UV with UV light we can open the some the double bonds that they can make the cross linking systems. So the

based on the net-tork structure, cross-linked solid polymer electrolyte can be classified in four categories. The simple cross-linking network and the AB cross-linked polymer, which combines two different polymer segments A and B in the designed network. Third, the inter-penetrating network, one is the main,

network and inside that view the polymer make the cross-linking the systems. Semi-inter-penetrating network in which one polymer is cross-linked with the wire the other remain linear but entangled within the network. So each architecture offers distinct advantage for example IPN in the semi-IPN allowed for the balance between the flexibility and the stability while ABCP enabled the incorporation of a

complementary property from the two polymers. So next thing is the extra-detecting. So it's very promised techniques in-situ polymerization. Traditionally, solid polymer electrolytes are made looks like here, X-situ process. Like as they make the polymer filums are properly separately, then assemble into the

solid state, the batteries. While effective, this method has two major problems. First, the interface between the solid-volume electrolyte electrode is often poor, leading to high resistance. Second, the prepel-films are usually thicker than 100 micrometer, which reduce anaginancy, make scaling difficult. To overcome these researchers have developed in-situ polymerizations.

liquid propyls, liquid propyl precursor, the monomer, lithium source and initiator are introduced into the cell just mixing together and then put in the cell and then polymerization. Polymerization is done inside. This approach creates intimate interfacial contact allows for thinner black light and eliminate complex step like

like the solvent casting or the villain drive. It is also more compatible with the existing battery production line, which makes it attractive for industry use. Several polymerization methods are possible. The most common is just free radical. These methods are initiated by UV-line or thermal initiated in the vacuum oven. These methods are the thin line load cores.

Alternatively, ionic polymerization offers better control of the polymer structure. Though at high cores and complexities, each technique has its unbalance of the advantages and limitations. So, in-seach polymideation, transform the polymer electrolyte from the lab material into the industrial scale.

paving the way toward high performance safe scalable solid state battery with a good interface. So let's look at it again. One common method is UV-induced polymerization, where portal initiates are activated by UV light under the inert atmosphere.

That is very fast. In the equations. Another widely stretched is the, looks like here, is the thermal polymerization, where heat is applied, usually in a vacuum oven, to trigger the polymerization reaction. In addition to this initiation method, we can also introduce close-ranking,

agent or inorganic filler into the frequency solutions. So cross-linker, we already know that it has to create a stable three-dimensional polymer network. One is the main backbone. Cross-linker makes three-dimensional polymer network. And then sometimes the filler In the case of the ionic conductivity, suppresses the right grooves

and fine-tune the properties of the finer polymer electrolyte. The beauty of the in-situ polymerization is design flexibilities. By choosing the right monomer, initiator, cross-link, or filler, we can tailor the electrolyte conductivity, stability, and interfacial compatibility according to the needs of the battery system. This is making the technologies extremely promising for the development of the natural-generation solid-state batteries.

while the voltage safety is high performance. That is all of the polymer electrolyte. Briefly we covered the kinds of the polymer electrolyte, the high conduction method and also we can talk about the component of the polymer electrolyte. Host polymer, lithium salt,

sometimes plastic side jar and sometimes filler on the tea. So polymine electrolyte offers safety, flexibility, design of the tea, but the commercialization requires working with several changes. The first thing is ion conductivity, and second is anion migration. And the problem is interfacial impedance.

But we can overcome this one in situ polymerization right here. And another thing, electrochemical stability window, sometimes we require high voltage cathode and at times these kinds of high voltage can decompose the polymer, the backbone of polymer electrons. Another is related to mechanical strength, the lithium dendrite suppression and the mechanical strength.

Last thing is thermal stability. Seta bottom still is not enough. So considering all of these ones, ultimately polymer electrolytes are not just ionic conductor, they are tonable platform that can be engineered to deliver the higher energy density, higher safety and the sustainability.

required flow, next generation, the batteries. Thank you very much.