FBE

Any questions?

the author is trying to tell you. Now your sample is absolutely correct. I'm going to share mine. You can just listen or you can mark the slashes as I go along. Here we go. Adolphus Bush came to prominence during the Gilded Age, a time when barons of industry left an indelible mark on the United States.

And in the brewing industry, Adolphus Busch was the undisputed baron. Adolphus Busch was born in Germany and emigrated to the U.S. at the age of 18. He worked first as a clerk on the Mississippi River front,

and then decided to sell brewery supplies. One of his customers was Everard Anheuser, owner of, bless you, a struggling brewery. Bush married Anheuser's daughter, Lily, in 1861. And three years later, he was operating

father-in-law's brewery. Within five years he more than doubled the brewery's output from 6,000 to 16,000 barrels. Deciding that brewing was his calling he became a full business partner in 1869. Bush decided business would be even better if, and all the way to the third,

all the way to the end, the market could be expanded. Production was limited by the amount of available storage space. In the days before refrigeration, brewers relied on caves to store their beer. Anheuser's caves were completely full. Expanding the market would also mean

shipping beer to other locations, which took time and resulted in spoilage, the highly perishable product. That is why brewing had always been a local business. Bush saw the problems of finite case based on long distance shipping, and then all the way to the period, simply as obstacles to be overcome.

So, with a little more than conviction to sustain him, he, all the way to the period, set out to overcome these hurdles. He traveled to Europe to learn about the latest advances in brewing. While there, he heard about pasteurization, all the way to the period, a process that kept beverages from spoiling. At the 1876 World's Fair in Philadelphia,

He got his first glimpse of the newly invented refrigerated rail car. He ordered Vi, and so, through persistence and experimentation, Bush found a way around spoilers and storage constraints all the way to the period, revolutionizing the entire industry. He was the first to introduce pasteurization

and to use artificial refrigeration, this one, artificial refrigeration, ultimately shipping his beer all over the country in a fleet of 850 refrigerator rail cars. Bush was a flamboyant promoter, recognizing early on that making the world's best beers then all the way to the period didn't know, but unless people knew about them.

His marketing acumen became legendary in the brewing industry. He was a dapper man who wore a white carnation and, in place of calling cards, gave his business associates pocket knives featuring his portrait. By the time he died in 1913, at the age of 74, Bush had a mass tremendous wealth and

and attain great position. Few people at the time could dispute the accomplishments of the self-made man. So again, you're reading faster, right? Which is a great sign. Now, I'm hoping that you might have discovered the pattern of this writer. So obviously, there are many mistakes in this writing. That's a pattern of this writer.

So but you're questioning, isn't this a TOEFL exam? So across the years, I think it took me a span of five years to collect all these different prompts, texts. And by analyzing all the texts, in my educated opinion, there are probably four to five different writers. And then among four to five, probably one, or at the most two, they don't make any mistakes. In this example, there are many mistakes.

So the point is, now you have the power and authority, because you're learning the rules to question, is this truly right? Just because it's been published, that doesn't mean that it's perfect. So for example, the obvious mistakes that you can see, for example, line two, the second sentence, in formal academic writing, you never begin your sentences with a conduction A and D. And that is also repeated, if you move to the third paragraph, line 21.

Also, the writer begins a sentence with, and so. Not only that, within that same paragraph, that beginning of that same paragraph, do you see so? You see? That can be considered as an informal element as well, too. So you shouldn't accept everything. You need to question every writing to see if it's true, factual. If you're following the conventions of standard writing, for example.

But at the end of the semester, you're going to be able to explain every single rule on this page. And you'll be very proud of yourselves. But anyway, that's probably the biggest obvious pattern of the writer. Has many mistakes within this writing. Okay, so let's move on. Let's turn to page 181. If I'm correct, we have to begin with calendar dates. And I'm going to go ahead.

- I'm gonna turn her books.

Did your midterms begin or is it about to begin? It's about to begin? Okay. Because the energy is so different. Everyone is like so still and so, so quiet. The energy is so different. But anyway, your midterms, I call that happy stress. Happy stress. You won't have this kind of opportunity.

Okay, but anyway, we are on page 181, and according to my notes, we need to begin where it says calendar dates. But let's just review what we talked about the other day because students had questions still. So, as you can see, under number one, the deceased man left all his will to John, Phil, and Mary.

the reader that these are all separate information meaning it's not the same number that's a function of the comma but not only that to make it reader friendly you always have to add a conjunction before the last example it doesn't matter how many examples you have preceded before okay and according to the rule that we learned obviously because of the comma in the same that means that John received 50% and Phil received 25 and Mary 25 all right so the correct rule is what you need to provide a comma if you want to basically distribute the wealth equally

Okay? Now, this book was chosen by the department, right? But we said British English is also English, too. They're all called world Englishes, right? But the department had chosen this book, and it's basically American business English. But also, the American business writing basically follows APA. APA is basically the most popular type of format style that you follow for academic writing, which is basically the TOEFL as well, too.

There are other styles as well too. Not only that, because of the internet, and if you look at the English closely, it's probably closer to American English. But we're not saying that British English is wrong. They're all world Englishes. But what's important is that, for example, if you work for a British company or a European company, you need to double check what kind of English they use. And you must follow the tradition of the company where they're from. So the reason why I'm saying that is that, for example, in British English zone,

For a series, they omit this comma. For a series, they omit the last comma. So just in case if you come across British writing and you see the comma missing, it's because they use a different system. But according to APA, EWA uses APA, meaning some departments, Scranton, the English language and literature department, you have to write a senior thesis, you have to follow APA. Graduate students do APA. TOEFL APA as well too.

Number two, right, Macron, the president of France visited Korea. This really did take place a couple weeks ago, right, very recent, less than two weeks ago, right. Now, in our context, right, in our class, where we know, right, who he is, his name, right. So in our context, this information right here, does it become essential or non-essential? in our context.

means that we could drop it and it doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. Can we drop it? Yes. Right? So therefore, if we wear a love shoe, that means that we need to wear a right shoe. The commas basically represent the boundaries, as in you can take out the information, right? It doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. Don't get me wrong, it is important, it is significant, but the question is how we define whether it's a central or non-essential meaning, do we really need it in order for us to include the meaning of the sentence? It is significant, right? It is important, right? Now, according to our class still, right?

The positive is written differently here. The president of France visited Korea, but we have the Macron here. So this information here, the positive, in our context, does it become essential or non-essential? Essential or non-essential? So we are aware that he was here within the last two weeks. Does it become essential or non-essential? So everybody knows, like, his name and he was here recently. So does this information become essential or non-essential?

It's not essential. We don't need it. We can drop it in our context and it still doesn't change the meaning of the sense. So the bottom line is that you're the author, so you have the responsibility to share the information but be very clear about it. Right? You have to exercise whether it's going to be essential or non-essential to your readers. It's the writer's choice, 100%. Right? But you need to make a very definitive choice about whether you're going to make it essential or non-essential, depending on the context, situation, and relationship.

Now, if you are not aware of this rule, right, that means that you're losing out when you're reading, definitely, right? You're making your own interpretations. This is a reason why when students take this class, right, you can really see their total scores, right, boost, go up. And especially with the writing essay, I've had a lot of students come to me and say, "They got a perfect score of the writing after this class." You apply the same method in academic writing and business writing.

And I already showed you examples last week in the TOEFL text. Now, the other one that students were confused with was where we left off. But once again, how do you determine the official name? You must have all these four components. You must not double check but triple check. Do you have the correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and spacing? On the test, I will provide the official name. And you can make a comparison and make a decision.

When you're working, you have access to business cards. You have access to the website. And also, if you're still unsure, you can email them and ask them, "What's the official name?" Specifically, can I have the spelling of the person's name or the organization, for example. So the rule for this at the top on page 181, because this is the part that students have confusion with. For example, these examples are relevant to what?

questioning whether the information is essential or non-essential okay but when it comes to official names that's irrelevant we're not talking about whether it is what essential or non-essential it's irrelevant it's a different rule right so number one the official name of this person right there's no comma meaning that's the official punctuation and you need to respect it but however under number two if there's a comma are these the same people or different people

different people. On the business card, you write exactly either number one or number two. But if you're writing a sentence, right, if you're writing a sentence then, if you're writing a sentence, obviously you don't need a comma for number one because there's no comma here. But if this appears, right, in the beginning or in the middle of the sentence, right, because there's an official comma here, this is basically a writer's rule, meaning it's the writer's responsibility to provide the second comma. You just have to memorize it.

Now, what's the purpose? It signals the reader that there is an official comma. The purpose of the second comma signals the reader that there is an official comma. But senior has nothing to do with whether it's essential or non-essential. It has nothing to do with that. The key is that the official name stands up to here.

is your responsibility but this comment here is part of the official name. So we said again, it has nothing to do with whether it's essential or non-essential but the purpose is what? Simply always, you have the responsibility to preserve the name and communicate to your readers what the official name is. That is the reason why you have a second comment there. So I think there was a little bit of confusion about

examples for junior senior for example junior senior it's like saying henry the third henry the third uh henry the fourth henry the fifth right it's part of the official name a junior senior for example and whether they add the comma or not i don't know you would have to ask the grandparents or the parents but they decide to include the comma or not okay do you have any questions so far no okay so let us begin with calendar dates here okay yeah

- Thank you.

So I know that in the Korean resume, for example, if you had an internship in March, right, it's the month first, right? And then you write the date. And then there's another period, right? This is a Korean way to write the dates and resumes. But in English, it's different. You just mentioned the month and the year. That's it. So for example, you had an internship, right, in March, right, this is the abbreviation, in 2026.

for it. Actually, let's just do May 2026 right now. The rule says when you have only the month and the year, there's no comma. So this is like a common mistake that I see in students' resumes. You don't place a comma here. It's wrong. Do not miscommunicate. The only time when you have a comma is, for example, when is When is Children's Day?

Does this ever change? Yes or no? This never changes. But what changes? 2026, 2028, 1999, 2034. The year changes. So meaning this is the main and this is what? All extra information. So if it's in the middle of the sentence, right, since it's additional, you need a left comma and a right comma. So this rule is completely different from what you just saw, senior, junior, limited. This is relevant to whether you're providing extra information or not. And the reason is that you're trying to make it reader focused. Okay.

will turn around say I'm sorry which May 5th are you talking about this year or next year so as a writer you're providing complete information

by the way, 1999. Is it essential or non-essential? Non-essential. Why? We see the commas before and afterwards, and then here's your main sentence. The president of our company is scheduled to retire. Okay? Please turn to page 8 in your workbooks.

Let's jump to line 23, second to the last paragraph. Line 23. Great tri-state tornado of March 18, 1925. Which is your extra information? 1925. How do we know them? We see the boundaries. We see the left comma on the right comma surrounding 1925. We're not talking about in history, right, the greatest tornado in any other year, but it was in 1925. It's your extra information.

Now let's go back to the book. So when you have just a month in the year, please do not insert a comma. Only when you have the date. Now, this is the same concept as calendar dates when we're talking about city and state names. The purpose is you're just trying to make it really reader-friendly. Not everybody is geographically gifted, for example. And not only that, it's a cultural biasness that you should know the city and the state names of the United States, for example. Or you should know the capital cities of all the countries around the world. That's a biasness, right?

You should try to provide all the information. So if you look at the sentence here, in actuality, the original sentence is what? The auditors are now working in our Seattle office and our Chicago warehouse. But when you have international, global readers, they'll question, oh, wait a minute, where was Seattle? But you're the author. Good communicators will provide that extra information and say, oh, by the way, Seattle is a city in the state of Washington, by his wife at the surf,

non-essential information there. Office and our Chicago, oh by the way, the famous city of Chicago is located where? In the state of Illinois. Okay, so there's a left comma and a right comma. Okay, now please turn to page nine in your workbooks. Okay, so please turn to page nine in your workbooks.

You kind of need x-ray vision for this. Line one. It's inverted order in 1781, but let's look at the main sentence. The subject is what? William Herschel. And we said we have our non-essential appositive. And appositive is what? It renames the previous noun. So he's a professional musician from where? In the city of Bath from where? The country England. Okay? Now, you need an x-ray vision. And the reason is that, first of all, let's try to clarify the boundaries for what?

the appositive. The boundaries for the appositive begins where? Before a professional musician in Bath, England. And then where's the other boundary? What's the cutoff? After England. So you have a comma after Herschel and a comma after England. Now, however, circle that comma after England. And the reason is that it has a dual function, meaning two functions. For one, as we just stated for the appositive. But the second is what? It's for the extra information, the country England where Bath is located.

Okay? So once again, William Herschel is your main subject. Your positive begins where? A professional musician and ends where? In Bath, England. That is why you have the left comma, the right comma. But that second comma after England has a dual purpose. For what? The city Bath in the country of England. So again, it's very important that you know these rules. That way you know how to unpackage the information correctly. It adds speed to it because you know exactly how to unpackage it.

Okay, so let's go back to page 181. So city, state names include city and country names as well too. So here, let's reread the sentence again. The auditors are now working in our Seattle office and our Chicago warehouse. So that's how usually fast readers read it because they know that the commas around Washington is just your extra information, you see? So if you're here to jump, jump, jump, jump, jump. Do you have any questions so far?

Okay, now let's begin with a direct address. Can I erase all this? Yes. Okay, so what's a direct address? First of all, I don't mean to disappoint you, but when you were first accepted to IWA Women's University, all of you, do you know that you were sent exactly the same letter from the University? Congratulations, you've been accepted to IWA.

same letter. What they do is they just change the student's name for example. That kind of letter is actually called a form letter. When you work, depending on the department, right, if they have form letters, right, form letters ready, that means that usually it's something very routine. So all you have to do is change the client. The computer will do it automatically for you so you don't really write,

the letter itself. Now think about it when you're sending your resumes and cover letters what do you try to hide and camouflage that you are recycling the same cover letter to all the companies that you're applying to right so technically it's like a form of a form letter same letter but you send it over and over again but you try to camouflage that right you try to show oh no it's like this is organic right so what do you do you mention the company's name in the body because in the salutation you would say for example dear Mr. Green

This is the person who's the head of HR, right? And then in the body, here and there and here, you say, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, right? Or you're saying, dear Mr. Green, but in the body you say, I would like to apply for the entry level position as Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs, you mentioned it. You see? Here and there to show that, you know, this letter has been dedicated to you only, right? But anyway, companies too, to their VVVIPs, very important people, the clients, right?

Sometimes you cannot send a form letter. You need to show that this is a personalized letter, meaning it's an organic letter. Okay? So what do you do? Then just as your cover letters, you try to hide the fact that this is a form letter, right? So you would say, Mr. Green, here and there in the body. All right? Meaning that you're speaking to this person directly. You're calling out the person's name. All right? Because otherwise, if you drop their name within the body, then it really sounds like a straightforward business letter. It sounds very dry.

So in the first example, let's not read Mr. Rothstein, but without it, if I wrote, will you be able to submit your revised specifications to us by March 15th? It sounds like a standard, rigid business letter, atypical business letter, you see? But if I say, Mr. Rothstein, will you be able to submit your revised specifications to us by March 15th? The fact that, for example, you go to a store and the SA, the sales assistant, the

remember your name right and doesn't that make you feel good all right you feel special that's part of their marketing strategy sales strategy you see so this also you're trying to show that this is a tailored personalized letter okay so having that said let's read out loud the three example sentences together slowly ready set go mr rostine will you be able to submit your revised specifications to us by March 15. Second, if

If you need help, Wayne, please let me know. And last, I will have the final report ready for distribution on Friday, Mrs. Winbury. So these are what? Organic letters. These are tailored, personalized letters. You're speaking to the person directly. Now, the bigger question is this, though. If you compare all three, I'm talking about among them, right, do you see the main difference?

among the three. What's the difference?

The main difference is basically the location of the direct address. Look at the location of the direct address. The first sentence, where is it? Position A. Second sentence, position B. The last one, position C. So it's either in the beginning, middle, or terminal. Terminal meaning end, the end. Okay? Now, you may feel unfamiliar with this method because usually in the Korean language, we

We tend to practice position A. 철수야 일어와, 철수야 금은에, 철수야 반목, 철수야 문다로. We hear position A all the time. But do we hear position B or C? I don't know. You tell me. But it's rare, right? It's more common that you do what? Position A. It's not wrong. We just use chopsticks. They use forkin knife. But in the English language, you have the choice to use either position A, B, or B. B or C.

remember that as a choice. Now the most important question though is why would you choose the beginning or the middle or the terminal position? Before I continue though, because it's in position A, right, you need a comma. Position B, left comma, right comma. Position C, one comma because you have a period. Do we really need these direct addresses to complete the meaning of the sentence? We

We have the salutation, "Dear Mr. Green." But do we really need all these direct addresses? No, we don't. It just smooths, right? It smooths out the tone of the letter. You're making it personal. You're creating a warmer, sincere context throughout the letter. But we don't really need it. That is why this is all non-essential information. Not only that, because it is non-essential information, it gives you the power to move these around, either in position A, B, or C.

So for example, let's take the second one because it's the shortest one. You could say position A, Wayne, if you need help, please let me know. Position B, if you need help, Wayne, please let me know. Position C, if you need help, please let me know, Wayne. You see, these are all non-essential. Now, the bigger question is why do we have positions A, B, or C? Are they all the same? So I talked about, again, you could take one sentence and by the end of the semester, you will learn how to write it a hundred different ways. Of course it's different, the communication level.

So for example, when I'm angry with my son, I use position A. I say, Michael, stop it. Position A. So basically, it's a matter of emphasis. Position A, Mr. Rothstein, will we be able to submit your revised specifications to us by March 15th? You're not yelling at the person. It's not an exclamation point. It's just emphasis. Second, if you need help, by the way, Wayne, please let me know.

And then terminal position is the softest, right? You're being very gentle. I will have the final report ready for distribution on Friday, Mrs. Bloomberg. You don't have to, but that's the diminishing point here. So Wayne, if you need help, please let me know. If you need help, by the way, Wayne, please let me know. If you need help, please let me know, Wayne. Are they all the same or different? A hundred percent different. Okay? Okay. So let's do editing practice two.

student numbers one through eight there are two more of the next page now because we are practicing i would like for you to make everything non-essential okay in order for you to make it essential is easy easy wine you don't have to do anything right but so therefore we're making it non-essential this means that you need to be very skilled at picking out your main sentence okay so make everything non-essential numbers one through eight in the meantime if you have any questions raise your hands i'll be more than happy to walk over again

If I give you 10 points per question, right, three points will be given for what? Correct punctuation. Seven points for your explanation. All right, so refer to the book and find the rules, please. And I will provide the information for number three. The official name for number three is Donald

This is the official name, so compare it to this information here and mark your answers. So let's finish numbers 1 through 8. Make everything non-essential. You need to be very skilled at picking up your main sentence, please. 8, 6, 10. I'll give you 11 minutes. It's so important that you write the explanations. and you master right now, right?

and I guarantee you'll study less for the midterm exam. Go back to the book and if you have any questions, raise your hands. I'll be more than happy to walk over and answer your questions.

I encourage you to ask me questions.

I think we can finish Section 5.2 this Wednesday.

I think we'll be right on schedule for our midterm.

Thank you.

I know you can solve it in three minutes, but I'm giving you enough time so that you can go back and spot the rule.

verbally explain what's happening right now, you'll have no problems sticking with the term. The grades are really high. A lot of students get 100. Very straightforward.

So that later it's coming up because you can say it can be sent to, for example, Kansas and then you can write in parentheses Kansas City, for example, if you feel as if this is more important. So this is not the only way to write the sentences. You'll be able to take one sentence and write it a hundred different ways by the end of the semester. But I see, I clearly see where you're coming from. Did I answer your question? Yes. Thank you.

Okay, so listen very carefully to all the explanations. Because we're practicing, we're making everything non-essential information. Now, number one, his sister Virginia is a senior vice president in our Chicago office. He said non-essential, so it would be his sister, comma, Virginia, comma. Now, in our real, real situation in our class, do you know Virginia? I don't. Then would you make it essential or non-essential according to our real context here? essential.

I wouldn't provide any commas. You will know exactly what to do, right? Because you're the author. You have to basically decision-make at that time, okay? But right now, because we're practicing, we're just making everything non-essential. Number two, again, you need to be very skilled at picking out your main sentence. Your main sentence is what? Joshua Woodridge is in charge of the research department. Now, yes, PhD is a huge achievement, but is it essential or extra? Extra, it's not essential information. So it's Joshua, Woodridge, comma.

H D comma. Okay. Now notice the tight spacing after H and then it's capital D there. Now number three, we were surprised of course to hear that Donald Samson Sr. voted in favor of the proposal. I had mentioned here that the official name does have a comma here. Right. Then to signal the reader that there is a comma within the official name, it's the writer's responsibility to provide that second comma, right? In the middle of the sentence.

that has nothing to do with whether it's essential or non-essential it's totally irrelevant we're just trying to preserve its name okay so once again we were surprised of course to hear that donald samson comma senior period comma voted in favor of the proposal number four four although we were awarded the bid on march 10th comma extra information 1994 comma we did not formally close escrow on the property until january 6 comma 1995 we know that 1995 is non-essential because there's a comma before it

Okay. Since it's the end of the sentence, you naturally have a period afterwards. Okay. And number four, once again, this is an inverted order. Number five, the former president of this company, Mary P. Lombardi, was recently named to the mayor's special panel. Right. Non-essential information will be comma, Mary P. Lombardi, comma. Now, in our real context, do you know Mary? I don't. Right. So we will make it essential. Okay. Now, I

I want you to visualize number five though. Let's make number five right now. Hypothetically, let's just make it essential right now. If we're trying to make Mary P. Lombardi essential information, would you write it as it is, the former president of this company, essential information, Mary P. Lombardi, was recently named. Or to make it essential, would you write it this way? Mary P. Lombardi, essential or positive, the former president of this company, was recently named.

the mayor's special panel. Would you do choice one or choice two? Choice one is as it is. Choice two will be inverted. You would have Mary P. Lombardi as a subject and then as the positive, essential positive, the former president of this company. So I would choose as it is when it's essential. The reason is that if I write Mary P. Lombardi and have the former president of this company essential information

Because the appositive is so long in the middle of a sentence, right, the reader needs to labor. You see? But if it's written as it is, the former president of this company and the person's name is short, right, the positive is short and you make this essential, it's easier for the reader to read. Okay? So you need to think, we learned the rule essential or non-essential, right? But you will learn it in business communication that you have to make your writing reader from you.

So will my readers understand my message easier when I have the subject as the former president of this company or a different sentence and you would have the subject as Mary P. Lombardi, for example. I would rather have the subject as the former president of this company and then have Mary P. Lombardi as the essential appositive. You need to bring convenience for the readers. It's already complicated for them to read your writing anyway because you're not there to answer questions you see. So you need to make the experience as easy as possible for the readers.

Number six, the original sentence is what? It's a command. You be sure to specify clearly whether orders are to be sent to Kansas City or Kansas City whenever you complete these forms. There are a lot of cities that share the same name across not only different countries, but also within the country too. In Korea, we have 경기도, 광주, and we also have 광주, 광주. So those are two different cities that we're talking about.

So here again, reader-friendly writing. Before they say, oh, wait a minute, where is that city located? You're providing that information. You're making it reader-friendly. So therefore, it's a command. You be sure to specify clearly whether orders are to be sent to Kansas City as a city, comma, in the state of Kansas, comma. So you need a comma before and after Kansas because that's your extra information. Before the city of Kansas City, comma, Missouri, comma. The boundaries are always before and after the word, meaning you need a left comma and a right comma. You just can't wear a left shoe. You need a left shoe and a right shoe.

Okay. Whenever you complete these forms. Next page, please. Number seven, Pamela Rockwell, one of her financial advisors, explained the benefits of these government-guaranteed bonds. Because we're practicing, we're making everything non-essential. So it's Pamela Rockwell, comma, one of her financial advisors, comma. Now, this is a perfect example. Would you have Pamela Rockwell as a subject or the opposites of when you're trying to make it essential?

Probably if I wrote this as essential information, I would write it. One of her financial advisors, Pamela Rockwell, as essential. Because to have one of her financial advisors as essential or positive, it's longer than Pamela Rockwell. You see? Because you have no punctuation to lead, to guide your readers. You see? So constantly, you have to remember that you're writing for the readers. You're not writing this for yourself. All right.

And then number eight is why? Now, but on the test, going back to number seven, if I asked you, okay, make this essential and you leave it like it is, right, it's still correct, right? But I'm talking about sharp communicators, really, really sharp and experienced communicators to make number seven essential information. I would infer it. I would write it, one of our financial advisors, essential information, Pamela Wachlow, because it's saving a lot of energy for the reader. You see? Sharp communicators.

And again, those sharp communicators are going to become the star leaders within the company. Remember that. Number eight, his wife Marie is a stock analyst with a company in San Antonio, Texas. So because we're practicing, we say his wife, Marie, comma. Non-essential information. Is a stock analyst with a company in the city of San Antonio, comma, in the state of Texas, period. Are there any you would like for me to repeat?

Is there already time to go? We only have five minutes. It takes two weeks for us to finish, really, talking about Section 512. Are there any you would like for me to repeat? No? Okay. We still have time. We're not done yet. We have four minutes.

Okay, let me just explain a little bit, right, before you go. Now, from 182, it's going to really teach you how to write one sentence a hundred different ways, okay? Now, to simplify the terminology we're going to use for this class, we're just going to use the expression linkers, right, linkers instead of, for example, the TOEFL exam uses the expression cohesive devices. Have you heard of light connectors?

or signposts, adverbial phrases, right? There are some others. Transitions, transitional expressions. They all mean the same, right? But I'm just going to simplify it because no one's going to test you on all those technical words and grammar when you're working, okay? We're just going to flatly call it linkers, right? Now, linkers are so important. Already I have a handful of students who already took my presentations course, But those students who already took my course, do you remember?

What's a percentage of linkers in the English language, whether you're speaking or writing? Everyone, don't forget. And I write this on the board, seriously. In the past, on the exam, I have students write 80%, 90%. It doesn't make any sense. And let me explain to you why. So, for example, let's do it very carefully. Sample one, I have so many things to do today. I have to go to the bank, I have to go to the supermarket, I have to go to school.

Second example, I have three errands to run today. First, I need to go to school. Second, I need to go to the bank. And last, I need to go to the supermarket. Which is better communicated? The first example or the second example? Second example, why? Because I just used linkers. Where's the store? Go straight, turn right, turn left. Is that speaker responsibility or listener responsibility? Lister responsibility, but if I say,

If I ask you, "Where's the story?" and you say, "First go straight, second turn right, and last turn left." Is that friendlier? Of course it is. Whether it's spoken communication or whether it's written communication, you have to provide enough linkers. It's so important. It's part of the culture. Right? It has to do with the low context culture, which you will learn about in business communication. We rely less on the context, but on the rich and more.

Right? So then what are linkers? What are linkers? So a linker is basically, it connects what has gone before to basically what is about to come. Right? But what's the real purpose of a linker then? We use linkers for the readers. Right? So that they can remember better what they just read while you introduce a new idea.

Does that make sense? So once again, you're using linkers, right, so that the reader can remember what they just read. They're trying to digest what they read while the writer is still trying to introduce a new idea. Okay? So the catch is that you're not trying to create a relationship, but you are trying to basically show clarity. Right? You're trying to show clarity to the connection that you're creating between 1.2.

to another. If we say, oh, it's because we want to create a relationship. That's so easy. That's like listener friendly. That is not listener friendly. That's listener reader responsibility. You're really making them guess. Right? But you're bringing clarity, right? To what? To the connection that you're bringing to one point to another so that the reader can remember what they just read. They're trying to digest what they just read. But

But at the same time, while you are as a writer trying to introduce a new idea. You see? So this means that when you have a sentence and then you have a period and then you have a new sentence here. During this pause, there is information still traveling, right? And sharp communicators know exactly what to do so that the reader does not forget what they just read.

while they are about to read new information. And this is when linkers kick in. So it's safer if you provide plenty of linkers on the TOEFL exam. This is a must. You'll definitely get a higher score instead of not providing any linkers because you're really making the readers' guess. Okay? Okay. Thank you, ladies.